山东省东营市2017—2018年女性HPV感染调查
周慧慧1, 王娜2, 郑燕京2, 刘占红2, 王文军1,*
1.济宁医学院 ,山东 济宁 272067
2.东营市卫生健康委员会,山东 东营 257091
*通信作者:王文军,E-mail: wwjun1973@163.com

作者简介:周慧慧(1990—),女,博士,研究方向:肿瘤流行病学研究。

摘要

目的 了解山东省东营市适龄女性HPV感染情况,为合理制定精准防控策略提供科学依据。方法 选择2017—2018年山东省东营市参与“两癌筛查”的35~64岁女性常住人口为调查对象,采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法对14种高危型HPV亚型进行检测,收集该人群基本信息和HPV感染情况等数据,进行流行病学特征分析。结果 共调查适龄女性213 020人,平均年龄(49.02±7.64)岁;2017—2018年东营市共检出HPV阳性者18 463例,阳性检出率为8.67%,其中HPV16阳性者3 429例,阳性检出率1.61%,HPV18阳性者1 177例,阳性检出率0.55%,其他高危型别HPV阳性者15 352例,阳性检出率7.21%;在全部14种高危型别HPV阳性检出情况中,35~<40岁年龄段女性检出率最高,随后呈现下降趋势,≥55岁有小幅度上升趋势;东营区、广饶区、垦利区、广饶县、利津县14种高危型别HPV检出率分别为7.91%、8.02%、9.55%、8.95%和8.39%,地区差异具有统计学意义( χ2=80.621, P<0.05),而东营区HPV16、HPV18的阳性检出率分别为1.39%和0.38%,比其他县区低;城镇和农村居民中全部14种高危型别HPV阳性检出率分别为9.76%和8.46%,差异具有统计学意义( χ2=60.976, P<0.05),进一步根据县(区)进行分类,结果显示,东营区、河口区和垦利区城镇各型HPV阳性检出率均高于农村,但广饶县和利津县HPV16和HPV18的阳性检出率在城乡间的差异无统计学意义( χ2=0.422,0.289,0.023,1.452, P>0.05)。结论 山东省东营市适龄女性HPV感染率处于较低水平;HPV感染的年轻化趋势明显,有关部门应该做好重点人群的监测与筛查,并提高城镇居民“两癌筛查”的覆盖率。

关键词: 人乳头瘤病毒; 宫颈癌; 常住人口; 普查
中图分类号:R737.33 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9727(2022)03-258-04
Description of female human papillomavirus infection in Dongying, Shandong, 2017-2018
ZHOU Hui-hui1, WANG Na2, ZHENG Yan-jing2, LIU Zhan-hong2, WANG Wen-jun1
1. Jining Medical Colloge, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
2. Dongying Municipal Health Commission, Dongying, Shandong 257091, China
Corresponding author: WANG Wen-jun,E-mail:wwjun1973@163.com
Abstract

Objective Through the spatial description of the HPV infection of the females in Dongying City, Shandong Province, we provide a scientific evidence for making precision prevention and control strategies.Methods In this study, we selected the female residents aged 35 to 64 who participated in the cervical cancer and breast cancer screening in Dongying City, Shandong Province from 2017 to 2018 as the objects. The fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect 14 high-risk HPV subtypes, and then we collected their basic and HPV infection information to analyze epidemiological characteristics.Results A total of 213 020 people were investigated in this study, with an average age of (49.02±7.64) years. From 2017 to 2018, 18 463 cases of HPV positive were detected in Dongying City, with a positive rate of 8.67%. Among them, HPV16-positive, HPV18-positive and other high-risk types of HPV-positive were 3 429 cases (1.61%), 1 177 cases (0.55%), and 15 352 cases (7.21%) respectively. The positive detection rate of all 14 high-risk types of HPV was highest among women in the 35-<40 age, and then showed a downward trend, with a slight upward trend after the age of 55. The positive detection rate of all 14 high-risk types of HPV in Dongying District, Guangrao District, Kenli District, Guangrao County, and Lijin County were 7.91%, 8.02%, 9.55%, 8.95%, and 8.39%, respectively, and the regional differences were statistically significant ( χ2=80.621, P<0.05). The positive detection rate of HPV16 and HPV18 in Dongying District was the lowest compared with other counties (HPV16: 1.39%, HPV18: 0.38%). The positive detection rate of all 14 high-risk types of HPV among urban and rural residents were 9.76% and 8.46%, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=60.976, P<0.05). Further classification according to counties (districts), the results showed that the positive detection rate of all types of HPV among urban residents were higher than those in rural areas in all counties (districts) except for Lijin County. However, the positive detection rate of HPV16 and HPV18 were no statistically different between urban and rural areas ( χ2=0.422, 0.289, 0.023, 1.452, P>0.05).Conclusions The HPV infection rate of females in Dongying City, Shandong Province was at a relatively low level; the youthful trend of the HPV infection was obvious, hence we should pay attention to monitoring and screening key populations and increasing the coverage of "two cancers screening" among urban residents.

Keyword: human papillomavirus (HPV); cervical cancer; permanent residents; census

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤, 2020年全球宫颈癌新发病例约60.4万, 死亡34.2万, 严重威胁着女性生命健康, 其中85%癌症负担发生在发展中国家[1, 2, 3], 我国宫颈癌发病率和死亡率均处于国际中等水平[4], 因此宫颈癌是我国重要的公共卫生问题。宫颈癌是目前唯一病因明确、可预防的恶性肿瘤, 其病因是人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma virus, HPV)的持续密切感染, 早期筛查能够有效预防癌前病变和癌症的发生和发展。2020年WHO发布《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》, 全球194个国家首次承诺消除宫颈癌[5], 而我国作为宫颈癌新发病例和死亡人数最多的国家[6], 如何消除宫颈癌应该从现实层面进行考虑, 而制定精准预防策略, 提高重点人群的筛查覆盖率是面临的主要挑战之一。本研究调查2017— 2018年山东省东营市适龄妇女HPV感染情况, 采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析, 为制定精准预防策略提供科学依据。

1 对象与方法
1.1 对象

1.1.1 资料来源 本研究数据来源于2017— 2018年山东省东营市“ 两癌筛查” 项目, 由该项目依托单位济南迪安医学检验中心有限公司提供。

1.1.2 调查范围和对象 山东省东营区、河口区、垦利区、广饶县和利津县共5个县(区), 45个乡(镇)街道, 1 964个居民(村民)委员会的适龄女性常住人口, 年龄35~64岁、在居住地居住6个月以上的女性居民。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 HPV病毒检测 采集宫颈脱落细胞, 以荧光定量聚合酶链式反应对14种高危型HPV 亚型(16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、56、58、59、66、68)进行检测, 其中HPV16、18型别可分型, 其他高危亚型合并检测。试剂均来源于罗氏公司。

1.2.2 调查内容 收集对象HPV16、HPV18和其他12种高危型HPV检出情况。

1.3 统计学分析

采用Epi Info 3.5.1录入数据, 用SPSS 20.0软件整理分析。计量资料采用均数± 标准差描述; 计数资料采用绝对数和率指标描述, 采用χ 2检验, 以P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果
2.1 基线资料

本次调查数据覆盖东营市5个县(区), 45个乡(镇)街道共1 964个居民(村民)委员会, 涉及调查人口数213 020人, 广饶县人口最多 (75 443人)。调查对象的平均年龄为(49.02± 7.64)岁, 各县(区)调查人口中45~< 50岁年龄段人数最多; 除广饶县外, 55~< 60岁年龄段人数最少, 见表1

表1 东营市各县(区)调查人口年龄分布 Table 1 Age distribution of surveyed population in counties (districts) of Dongying
2.2 各年龄段HPV病毒检出情况

2017— 2018年东营市调查人口数213 020人, 检出HPV阳性率为8.67%(18 463/213 020)。其中HPV16、HPV18和其他高危型别HPV 阳性率分别为1.61%(3 429/213 020)、0.55% (1 177/213 020)和7.21%(15 352/213 020)。35~< 40岁阳性率最高, 随后呈下降趋势, ≥ 55岁有小幅度上升。HPV18在各年龄段差异无统计学意义(χ 2=10.036, P> 0.05), HPV16和其他高危型别HPV差异均有统计学意义(χ 2=39.786, 64.547, P< 0.05)。见表2

表2 东营市年龄段HPV各型感染情况 Table 2 Age-positive detection of HPV types in Dongying
2.3 各县(区)HPV病毒分布

东营区、河口区、垦利区、广饶县、利津县检出率分别为7.91%、8.02%、9.55%、8.95%和8.39%, 差异有统计学意义(χ 2=80.621, P< 0.05), 东营区HPV总体、HPV16、HPV18均最低, 利津县HPV16、HPV18检出率最高。见表3

表3 东营市各县(区)HPV阳性数和阳性检出率分布 Table 3 Positive detection and rate of HPV types in counties (districts) of Dongying
2.4 城、乡间HPV病毒分布

城市和乡村居民总HPV阳性率分别为9.76%(3 332/34 151)和8.46%(15 131/178 869), 差异有统计学意义(χ 2=60.976, P< 0.05); HPV16、HPV18阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ 2=2.293, 1.299, P> 0.05)。东营区、河口区和垦利区城镇各型HPV阳性率均高于农村(见表4)。东营区、河口区和垦利区总HPV阳性率城乡差异有统计学意义(χ 2=111.423, 15.388, 31.423, P< 0.05); 东营区和河口区HPV16阳性率城乡有差异(χ 2=20.247, 3.874, P< 0.05); 东营区和垦利区HPV18阳性率城乡有差异(χ 2=6.209, 9.539, P< 0.05)。

表4 东营市各县(区)城乡间HPV各型别阳性检出率 Table 4 Positive detection of HPV types between urban and rural areas in counties (districts) of Dongying
3 讨论

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤, 严重威胁着女性的生命健康[7]。了解HPV在适龄女性间的分布, 有助于从一级预防, 即病因预防的角度预防宫颈癌, 早日实现宫颈癌全球消除的目标。

本研究对14种高危型别HPV进行检测, 结果发现东营市适龄女性HPV阳性率为8.67%, 与我国正常女性人群HPV感染率相比, 处于较低水平, 而HPV16、HPV18阳性率分别为1.61%、0.55%, 也低于全国平均水平[8]。既往文献表明我国HPV感染率呈现青春期和围绝经期双峰现象[9], 而本研究中东营市HPV阳性检出率最高的年龄段是35~< 40岁, 虽未包含35岁以下女性, 但与既往文献结果依然存在一定的区别, HPV感染率的峰值有所提前, 这可能是近年来宫颈癌呈现年轻化趋势[10]的原因之一。而从另一角度来看, HPV感染具有一过性特点, 多数女性在一生中都会发生HPV感染, 而只有高危型别HPV病毒的持续密切感染才有可能发展为宫颈癌[11], 这显然需要较长时间的发展, 与宫颈癌的高发年龄相一致。因此应该注重年轻女性的宫颈癌筛查覆盖率以及相关的健康教育。从县(区)层面讲, 东营市各县(区)HPV阳性检出人数和检出率有差别, 其中阳性检出人数最多的是广饶县, 这与该地区人口基数大有显著关系; 而检出率最高的是垦利区。从城乡层面来说, 本研究中农村女性人口数更多, 占比83.97%, 而HPV的阳性检出率低于城镇居民。从2009年我国卫生部和妇联共同推动“ 两癌筛查” 项目开始[11, 12, 13], 主要面向的人群是农村适龄女性, 而城镇居民的参与度较低。因此应该注重以上重点人群的监测和筛查。

本研究对东营市适龄女性HPV病毒的检出情况进行统计分析, 包含HPV16、HPV18以及其他高危HPV型别的分布情况, 将该地区的HPV检出现状展现出来, 为今后合理制定防控策略提供了科学依据; 另外, 本次调查覆盖了东营市绝大多数的适龄女性, 样本含量大, 结果具有代表性。

综上所述, 山东省东营市适龄女性HPV感染率处于偏低水平; HPV感染高发年龄偏向年轻化, 应注重年轻女性的宫颈癌筛查覆盖率和健康教育; 广饶县人口基数大, 垦利区检出率高, 应关注两地区重点人群的监测和筛查; 同时应该提高城镇居民“ 两癌筛查” 的覆盖率。

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

编辑:符式刚

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