Globally, dengue fever is experiencing a gradual expansion in epidemiological scope, with high infection rates and significant adverse impacts on human health. Dengue fever in China remains predominantly an imported disease and/or a local transmission disease from imported cases, and there is no evidence yet that it has become endemic. Changes in vector distribution, climate changes, and population mobility were reported to correlate with dengue fever epidemic. The most key measure for preventing and controlling dengue fever is to cut off transmission route through comprehensive environmental management, control of mosquito vectors, and elimination of mosquito breeding sites. Dengue fever is an environmental and community disease, and the concept of "One Health" should be adopted, requiring government leadership, multi-sectoral cooperation, and mobilization of the whole society, with everyone participating in the elimination of breeding sites. Prevention and control of dengue fever are feasible, but remain "an uphill battle".

Dengue fever prevention and control is an urgent need for addressing major infectious diseases in China, and the control strategies need theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs. Aedes albopictus, the dengue-borne mosquito, exhibits polymorphism in urban environments, resulting in heterogeneous mosquito habitats. This heterogeneity is evident in two aspects: firstly, varying mosquito densities across different habitats, and secondly, differences in vector competence of Aedes albopictus within the same city. The distribution of Aedes albopictus with high vector competence forms discrete "mosquito islands" within the city, analogous to small islands in the sea. Identifying the distribution and scope of these "mosquito islands", combined with vector Aedes daily activity rhythm and innovative ultra-low volume spray technology, can facilitate targeted mosquito control strategies during dengue outbreaks. This approach reduces insecticide spraying, improves mosquito control efficiency, and enables rapid dengue epidemic control.

Objective To analyze the changing trends of severe dengue (SD) among adults and children in China and compare the clinical manifestations between the two groups, providing scientific evidence to optimize dengue prevention strategies and reduce severe cases. Methods Literature related to clinical or infection aspects of dengue fever clinical or infection studies published from database inception to December 31, 2023, were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Scopus databases using keyword searches. The literature was screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a meta-analysis was conducted using R (4.2.3) software. Results A total of 7 148 records were retrieved, ultimately including 30 studies on adults and 12 studies on children, involving eight provinces. The severe dengue comorbidity rate in adults decreased from 6.6% during 1978-1995 to 0.9% during 2014-2023, while in children, it significantly dropped from 15.8% during 1980-1995 to 0.5% during 2014-2019. In adult studies, the primary clinical manifestations and their comorbidity rates were: fever (99.2%), myalgia (55.6%), headache (52.0%), rash (45.5%), and fatigue (34.4%). In pediatric studies, the primary clinical manifestations and their comorbidity rates were: fever (97.6%), headache (38.8%), anorexia (31.9%), rash (30.5%), and lymphadenopathy (20.5%). Conclusions In recent years, the severe dengue comorbidity rates have significantly decreased in both adults and children, indicating that China's dengue prevention and control strategies have achieved remarkable results. The prominent clinical manifestations in adults are associated with organ damage, while children predominantly show gastrointestinal symptoms. Moving forward, efforts should be made to strengthen early diagnosis and standardized treatment to further reduce the clinical impact of dengue fever.

Objective To investigate the effect of Aedes albopictus salivary protein rAlb-34k2-1-induced mouse splenocytes immune response on dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro. Methods The specific cell proliferation response of splenic cells from immunized/non-immunized mice to Alb34k2-1 protein was analyzed using the CCK-8 assay. The antigen-presenting cells (APCs) loaded with mosquito saliva proteins rAlb-34k2-1 protein/rAalb_CTL1 protein were prepared and co-cultured with lymphocytes from spleens of immunized/non-immunized mice. On the one hand, the levels of DENV-2 nucleic acids in BMDM treated with cell supernatants from mixed lymphocyte co-cultures were analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the effect of specific T cell response induced by rAlb-34k2-1 on DENV-2 replication in BMDM was analyzed. On the other hand, the expression of the DENV-2 E gene in BMDM pretreated with rAlb-34k2-1 protein was also evaluated to determine the direct effect of immunized mouse spleen lymphocytes co-cultured at 48 h and 72 h and the effect of spleen lymphocytes from immunized or non-immunized mice on DENV-2 replication in pretreated BMDMs was analyzed. Results Compared to the non-immunized group, the rAlb-34k2-1 protein in vitro caused a specific proliferation of immunized-splenocytes, with a proliferation index (SI) >2 (P<0.000 1).Mixed lymphocyte culture supernatants loaded with rAlb-34k2-1 protein inhibited DENV-2 replication in BMDM, while the mixed lymphocyte culture supernatants loaded with rAalb_CTL1 protein had no such effect (2^-ΔΔCT<0.5, P<0.05). There was no difference in DENV-2 intracellular replication in rAlb-34k2-1 pretreated BMDM after co-culture with either immunized-lymphocytes or non-immunized-lymphocytes. Conclusions The supernatant induced by the mouse T cell response to the rAlb-34k2-1 protein can inhibit DENV-2 replication in BMDM cells, providing preliminary experimental evidence to explore the role of mosquito salivary protein-induced immune responses in the pathogenesis of mosquito-borne viruses.

Objective Aedes albopictus is the main indigenous vector of dengue fever in China. Understanding the spatial genetic structure of Aedes albopictus populations, migration, and gene flow is crucial for the effective prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Methods From June to September 2023, mosquitoes were collected and morphologically identified from eight different geographic locations across tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of China. Genomic DNA was extracted from individual female mosquitoes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I gene was amplified and sequenced. Population genetic diversity and associated population characteristics were assessed using software such as BioEdit, DnaSP version 6, Arlequin 3.5, and Mega 11. Results A total of 233 samples from eight Aedes albopictus populations across the three climatic zones were successfully sequenced, yielding a gene fragment sequence of 632 bp with 19 variable sites and no insertion or deletion mutations. A total of 21 haplotypes were detected, with H4 being the dominant shared haplotype among the three climate types. Haplotype diversity (Hd) ranged from 0.191 (Beijing population) to 0.887 (Xishuangbanna population), and nucleotide diversity (Pi) ranged from 0.000 51 (Beijing population) to 0.002 98 (Xishuangbanna population), suggesting high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity in Aedes albopictus. The genetic differentiation indices ranged from 0.026 to 0.641, with higher genetic differentiation between temperate and tropical/subtropical regions. The analysis of molecular variation supported that genetic differentiation mainly came from within populations (60.45%). Conclusions The ecological and climatic environment in the tropics results in higher genetic diversity of Aedes albopictus. Human activities have exacerbated the risk of dengue transmission across different climatic zones.

Objective To analyze the incidence trends and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of dengue fever in China based on the data from the China Disease Control Information System and the "National Statutory Infectious Disease Epidemic Overview" published by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever epidemics. Methods The incidence rates and monthly case numbers of dengue fever in China from 2015 to 2023 were collected. Provinces were classified according to the severity of the epidemic and the distribution status of the Aedes vector. The incidence trends, seasonal distribution, and spatial aggregation of dengue fever in China were statistically analyzed. Results The top five provinces with the highest average annual incidence rates from 2015 to 2023 were Yunnan (6.16/100 000), Guangdong (1.70/100 000), Hainan (1.13/100 000), Fujian (1.13/100 000), and Chongqing (0.74/100 000). The average annual incidence rate of dengue fever in China increased by 70.79% from 2015 to 2019 (AAPC=70.79, P=0.045). In Class Ⅰ regions, the incidence of Guangxi and Hainan showed a linear regression trend, with average annual increases of 844.73% (AAPC=844.73, P=0.021) and 516.51% (AAPC=516.51, P=0.013), respectively. In Class Ⅱ regions, except for Shanghai, the incidence of other provinces showed a linear regression trend, with Jiangxi having the highest average annual increase of 610.16% (AAPC=610.16, P=0.021), followed by Chongqing at 345.12% (AAPC=345.12, P=0.038). In Class Ⅲ regions, the incidence of Hebei, Shanxi, and Liaoning had a linear regression trend, with average annual increases of 80.67% (AAPC=80.67, P=0.028), 202.31% (AAPC=202.31, P=0.001), and 70.19% (AAPC=70.19, P=0.031), respectively. The epidemic of dengue fever showed no obvious seasonality in 2021, strict seasonality in 2022, and strong seasonality in the rest of the years. The epidemic peak days were mostly concentrated in the middle and late September to early October of each year, and the epidemic peak periods were mainly concentrated in August-early November. From 2015 to 2018, the incidence rate had no spatial aggregation nationwide, and the incidence rate in 2019 had spatial aggregation nationwide. In 2015-2019 and 2023, there were no high-low gathering areas in the country, and high-high gathering areas appeared in 2018 (Fujian, Hainan) and 2019 (Guangxi). Conclusions The situation of dengue fever prevention and control in China is grim. High-risk epidemic areas of dengue fever will no longer be limited to Class Ⅰ provinces, and the risk of expansion to Class Ⅱ provinces is increasing.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of reported cases of dengue fever in mainland China from 2019 to 2023 and provide a scientific basis for dengue prevention and control efforts. Methods The temporal, spatial, and population distribution characteristics, as well as the trends of dengue fever cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS) of China were analyzed using software such as Joinpoint regression, SaTScan, and ArcGIS. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 43 095 cases were reported in China, with an average incidence rate of 61/100 000. The annual reported incidence rate fluctuated significantly (AAPC=-3.16%, 95%CI:-54.16%-91.47%), mainly concentrated in 2019 and 2023, accounting for 96.83% of the total reported cases over the past five years. All age groups were susceptible to the disease, with the 30 to <40 age group comprising 22.6% of cases. Cases were reported throughout the year, with a rapid increase starting in June and a peak period concentrated between August and October (n=34 780, RR=12.44, LLR=29 262.52, P<0.05). The epidemic was primarily characterized by imported cases leading to autochthonous transmission, with the majority of imported cases originating from Southeast Asia (86.56%), particularly from Cambodia (46.11%, 3 284 cases) and Myanmar (25.99%, 1 851 cases). The epidemic characteristics varied significantly across different years, with high risks of autochthonous transmission epidemics in Southwest, South, and Southeast China. High-risk local transmission were mainly distributed in Yunnan and Guangdong. The duration of the peak period of the epidemic was affected by the timeliness of early detection of local transmission, and the peak value of the epidemic was related to the effectiveness of prevention and control measures. The scale of the epidemic was influenced by the pressure of by cross-border transmission and the ability to implement local measures for dengue prevention and control. Conclusions With the increasing trend of global dengue transmission, the risk of autochthonous transmission of dengue in China is rising. It is recommended to strengthen proactive early outbreak surveillance, along with well preparation of personnel, technology, and resources for dengue prevention and control.According to autochthonous conditions, reasonable management and risk assessment of cross-border travelers should be explored to effectively.

Objective To explore the genetic diversity of Aedes albopictus populations in plain, hilly, and mountainous areas of Hainan Province, and to analyze the genetic structure of Aedes albopictus populations in different terrain regions of Hainan Province. Methods Aedes albopictus were collected from the plain areas of Sanya and Haikou City, the hills of Danzhou and Tunchang City, and the mountainous areas of Baisha City in Hainan Province. DNA was extracted from a single mosquito and stored in a -80 ℃ refrigerator for use. Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (mtDNA-COⅠ) was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The results were compared on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website, sequence peaks were observed using BioEdit 7.0, genetic diversity parameters were calculated using DnaSP v6, haplotype networks were constructed using PopART 1.7, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) values were calculated using Arlequin to analyze differences between populations. Results A total of 414 mtDNA-COⅠ sequences were obtained from Aedes albopictus populations in 5 regions, with lengths of 663 bp. All sequences had five mutation sites, with a G+C content of 32.86% and an A+T content of 67.14%, consistent with mitochondrial DNA characteristics. Compared with other populations, the nucleotide diversity of the Danzhou and Tunchang populations in the plain and hilly areas was higher. The average nucleotide differences were higher in the Sanya, Tunchang, and Danzhou populations. Haploid analysis revealed 6 haplotypes, with H02 being the dominant haplotype. The Sanya and Tunchang populations had the highest number of haplotypes, while the Haikou and Sanya populations had exclusive haplotypes. Only the plains populations had unique haplotypes, while the hill and mountainous populations had relatively fewer haplotypes. The neutral results and mismatch distribution map indicated that the population of Aedes albopictus has recently expanded in all regions. The AMOVA value showed that the intra-population differences were greater than the inter-population differences. Conclusions The mtDNA-COⅠ gene can serve as a molecular marker for studying the genetic diversity of Aedes albopictus populations. The Sanya population in the plain region shows higher genetic diversity, and the two populations in the hilly region also have higher genetic diversity. However, the number of haplotypes is only higher in the Sanya population in the plains and the Danzhou population in the hills.

Objective To provide a scientific basis for improving the prevention and control strategies of dengue fever by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of reported cases in Hainan Province from 2008 to 2023. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution characteristics and influencing factors of reported dengue fever cases in Hainan Province from 2008 to 2023. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between local cases and imported cases. ArcGIS 10.8 and R 4.3.0 were used for graphic production, and SaTScan 10.1.3 software was used for spatiotemporal scanning analysis. Results From 2008 to 2023, a total of 810 cases of dengue fever were reported in Hainan Province, including 164 imported cases and 646 local cases. The 646 local cases reported from June to December, showed a significant seasonal pattern, with September to October being the peak months. The cases were mainly distributed in Haikou City (41.18%) and Ledong County (39.32%). There were two large-scale outbreaks of dengue fever in 2019 and 2023, with 302 and 328 local cases reported respectively (accounting for 97.52% of the total local cases). The male-to-female ratio of local cases was 1.57:1, and cases in the age group of 25 to under 65 accounted for 69.50% of the total. The top three occupations of local cases were housework and unemployment (17.65%), migrant workers (17.34%), and business services (13.78%). From 2008 to 2023, a total of 164 imported cases were reported, with cases reported every month. The peak months were from June to November, accounting for 82.32% of the total imported cases. A total of 66 domestically imported cases were reported, originating from Guangdong Province, Yunnan Province, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; 98 cases were overseas imports, mainly from Thailand and Cambodia. The male-to-female ratio of imported cases was 1.65:1, and cases in the age group of 25 to under 55 accounted for 68.29% of the total. The top three occupations of imported cases were business service (33.54%), housework and unemployment (10.37%), and farmers (9.76%). From 2008 to 2013, the years when domestic imported cases were reported in Hainan Province were 2014, 2018, 2019, and 2023, coinciding with the years local cases were reported from 2008 to 2013. There was a positive correlation between local cases and domestic imported cases (r=0.892, P<0.001), while no statistically significant correlation was found with overseas imported cases. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis detected 5 clusters, concentrated in September to October in the years 2019 and 2023. Conclusions Dengue fever is prevalent in Hainan Province, mainly caused by imported cases leading to local outbreaks without forming local epidemics. It exhibits significant seasonal characteristics. Imported cases mainly originate from Cambodia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries, as well as domestically from Guangdong Province, Yunnan Province, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Local cases are mainly distributed in coastal cities and counties.

Objective To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Fujian Province from 2009 to 2023, identify the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods The surveillance data of dengue fever during 2009-2023 in Fujian Province were obtained from the National Disease Reporting Information System and analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods, and the spatial autocorrelation analysis of dengue fever incidence at county/district levels was performed with ArcGlS 10.8. Results A total of 3 586 cases of dengue fever were reported in Fujian Province from 2009 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.61/100 000, showing an overall increasing trend year by year (Z=18.35, P<0.001). Among them, there were 2 362 local cases and 1 224 imported cases, with a local/imported ratio of 1.93:1 (2 362/1 224). The local cases were mainly distributed in Fuzhou, Putian, and Nanping, accounting for 87.81% (2 074/2 362). The imported cases were mainly distributed in Quanzhou, Fuzhou, and Xiamen, accounting for 72.55% (888/1 224). The local/imported ratio in Fuzhou, Nanping, and Putian was 6.20:1 (1 557/251), 3.92:1 (145/37), and 3.32:1 (372/112), respectively, all significantly higher than the provincial average level. The spatial distribution of the local cases showed a clustered pattern, with 12 hotspots of incidence, all located in the counties and districts under the jurisdiction of Fuzhou. The onset of the disease had obvious seasonality: imported cases from other countries or regions mainly occurred from July to September (accounting for 45.73%, 519/1 135), imported cases from other provinces mainly occurred from August to November (accounting for 93.25%, 83/89), and local cases mainly occurred from August to October (accounting for 97.50%, 2 303/2 362). The gender ratio for local cases was 0.88:1, and for imported cases, it was 3.04:1. The average age of onset for local cases was 48 years old (Q₁=32 years old, Q₃=62 years old), while the average age for imported cases was 35 years old (Q₁=28 years old, Q₃=44 years old). Conclusions From 2009 to 2023, the dengue fever epidemic in Fujian Province showed a continuous upward trend, with spatiotemporal clustering of incidence. Therefore, prevention and control measures should be strengthened in key areas and populations during the high-incidence season.

Objective To analyze the influence of meteorological factors on Aedes larvae density in Haikou City, Hainan Province, and to study its lagged effect, providing a basis for monitoring and controlling dengue vectors. Methods The Aedes larvae monitoring data and meteorological factor data were collected from 2017 to 2022. The X11 model was employed to decompose and examine the basic characteristics of seasonality and trend in the Aedes aegypti larval density time series. The correlation between Aedes aegypti larval density and meteorological factors was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. A distributed lag non-linear model was employed to examine the lag non-linear impact of meteorological factors on Aedes larval density. The significance test of relative risk at the longest lag time and the principle of minimizing Akaike's information criterion were utilized to ascertain the optimal parameters of the model. Results The time-series analysis of Aedes larval density revealed distinct seasonality and a decreasing trend. The distribution lag non-linear modeling results indicated that, compared to the median precipitation of 120 mm, with the increase in monthly average precipitation, the relative risk of Aedes larvae density first increased and then decreased, showing an inverted "U" shaped non-linear relationship. The longest lag time of the average precipitation was 1 month, with a lag effect on Aedes larvae density when the precipitation ranged from 119.89 mm to 562.14 mm (P<0.05), peaking at 397.98 mm (RR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.11-2.20). Compared to a median temperature of 25.35 ℃, the relative risk to Aedes larvae density increased with the increase of monthly average temperature in a “J” shape. The longest lag time of average temperature was 1 month, with a lag effect on Aedes larvae density between 25.35 ℃ and 30.10 ℃ (P<0.05), peaking at 30.10 ℃ (RR=2.24, 95%CI: 1.24-4.05). Conclusions High precipitation and high temperature both have a risk effect on Aedes larvae density, with a 1-month lag effect. Timely knowledge of the effects of meteorological factors on Aedes larvae density can provide a basis for vector prevention and control and early warning of dengue fever.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangzhou and provide a scientific basis for dengue fever prevention and control. Methods The data of dengue cases in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province reported between 2019 and 2023, were retrieved from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Cross-sectional analysis was used to describe the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution, and analyze the epidemiological characteristics. Results A total of 3 518 cases of dengue fever were reported in Guangzhou from 2019 to 2023, including 3 101 local cases (88.15%) and 417 imported cases (11.85%). The annual average incidence rate ranged from 0.09 to 17.59 per 100 000 population. Imported dengue fever cases were reported in all months, with the peak reported from May to November (374 cases, 89.69%). Local cases were first reported in May and the last in December, with the highest incidence from August to November (2 960 cases, 95.45%). The cases were reported in all 11 administrative districts; the top three were Baiyun District, Yuexiu District, and Liwan District. Male and female cases accounted for 53.52% and 46.48%, respectively; the age group mainly concentrated between 20-<60 years (2 547 cases, 72.40%). The top three occupations were business services (784 cases), housework and unemployment (738 cases), and retirees (596 cases). The average time from onset to diagnosis for local cases was 4.06 days, and 4.60 days for imported cases. The overseas imported cases mainly came from Southeast Asia 88.10%(311/353), with the most being imported from Cambodia. Cases imported from other provinces mainly came from Yunnan Province, and cases imported from other cities within the province mainly came from Foshan City. Conclusions In recent years, the incidence of dengue fever in Guangzhou has remained at a high level, with obvious imported and seasonal characteristics. Relevant departments should pay attention to key populations and take effective measures to reduce the density of mosquito vectors, and strictly prevent the spread of dengue fever.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a local outbreak of dengue fever caused by a construction site in Shenzhen City, evaluate the effectiveness of control measures, and explore dengue fever prevention and control strategies suitable for local characteristics. Methods Epidemiological investigations were conducted on dengue fever cases during the outbreak. Descriptive analysis methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak. The Breteau Index method and double-layer trap method were employed to monitor mosquito density and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures. Results A total of 85 cases were reported in this outbreak, all of which were local cases. Among them, 76 cases (89.41%) were laboratory-confirmed, and 9 cases (10.59%) were clinically diagnosed. All laboratory-confirmed cases were identified as Dengue Virus Serotype 1 (DENV-1). There were 64 male and 21 female cases, with no critical or fatal cases. The age of cases ranged from 4 to 78 years old, with the highest number of cases occurring in the 31-<50 age group (43 cases, 50.59%). The majority of cases were construction workers (38 cases, 44.71%). The outbreak was mainly concentrated in Qiutou Community, Fu Hai Street, Bao'an District, accounting for 69 cases (81.18%). The median and quartile M (P₂₅, P₇₅) interval between onset of illness and diagnosis was 3 (2, 5) days, with construction workers having a shorter interval between onset and seeking medical attention compared to other residents. After implementing control measures such as case search, isolation and treatment, mosquito control, cleaning of mosquito breeding sites, and health education, the daily average Breteau Index decreased from the initial 12 to below 3, and the adult mosquito density remained at 0 mosquitoes (person/hour). Conclusions This outbreak was a local dengue fever outbreak initiated at a construction site. After the community staff participated in the comprehensive prevention and control measures, including case searching, mosquito elimination, clearing of breeding grounds, environmental health inspection, and education and propaganda, the epidemic was effectively contained. In addition, the continuous improvement of clinicians' diagnostic levels for dengue fever and the popularization of dengue fever antigen primary screening reagents (NS1 antigen reagents) in medical institutions may have played a crucial role in the early detection of the epidemic.

Objective To investigate the anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) activity of Euonymus fortunei extract and its mechanism, providing a theoretical basis for the research and development of traditional Chinese herbal resources in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-HIV-1_bal cell model system was used as the experimental model, and the effect of Euonymus fortunei extract on the cell activity and anti-HIV-1 activity of PBMCs was investigated by CellTiter-Glo assay and HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. Additionally, the mechanism of anti-HIV-1 action of Euonymus fortunei extract was determined through the time-of-addition assay and HIV-1 enzymatic assays. Results In the PBMCs-HIV-1_bal cell model, Euonymus fortunei extract showed no significant effect on cellular activity at the highest concentration, with a median cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀)>40 μg/mL. Within the non-cytotoxic concentration range, the level of HIV-1_bal decreased with the increase of the extract concentration, with the IC₅₀=0.084 μg/mL, and the SI>476.19. Time-of-addition assay revealed that Euonymus fortunei extract had the highest inhibitory activity on HIV-1_IIIB when it was added to cells at the same time as the virus, and the inhibitory rate of HIV-1 activity decreased at 2 h and gradually lost its inhibitory effect on the virus at 18-24 h, similar to the known HIV entry inhibitor Enfuvirtid (T-20). Key HIV-1 enzyme activity experiments found that the extract had no significant inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase activity but exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of integrase activity, with integrase activity decreasing with increasing extract concentration (IC₅₀=0.18 μg/mL); The extract could inhibit the activity of HIV-1 protease in a certain concentration range (IC₅₀=39.18 μg/mL). Conclusions In this study, it was found that Euonymus fortunei extract has a strong inhibitory activity against HIV-1 activity, which may exert anti-HIV-1 effects by acting on viral entry into cells and inhibiting integrase activity, and has a good application prospect in the research and development of multi-target new drugs against HIV-1.

Objective To analyze the factors influencing the abundance of floor fleas from households of the commensal rodent plague foci in Yunnan Province. Methods A total of 320 households in 16 natural villages in the commensal plague natural foci were selected from Mangshi City, Lianghe County, and Mile City in Yunnan Province. Floor fleas were collected using the water-containing plate method, with 10 pans placed per household for two consecutive nights. The potential factors influencing the abundance of floor fleas in households were collected through a self-made questionnaire. A hurdle Poisson regression model under R4.3.0 was performed to analyze the factors influencing the abundance of floor fleas in households. Results A total of 6 400 plates were placed per night in 320 households, with 44 households capturing floor fleas, resulting in an infestation rate of 13.75% (44/320). A total of 136 floor fleas were collected in water pans, with a floor fleas index of 0.021(136/6 400). Ctenocephalides felis felis was the dominant flea species, accounting for 61.76% (84/136), followed by Xenopsylla cheopis and Pulex irritans, each accounting for 19.12% (26/136). The multivariate hurdle Poisson regression model of the abundance of floor fleas showed that the probabilities of capturing floor fleas in households with other houses ground structure, garbage dumping outdoors, raising cat, rodent's activities, and fleas activities were 4.39, 3.16, 3.09, 3.08, and 2.29 times higher than the corresponding reference groups. The probability of capturing floor fleas in households with the Dai ethnic group was 0.30 of that in the Han ethnic group. The number of captured floor fleas in households in Mile City, of the Dai ethnicity, with chickens, and surrounded by other houses were 3.84, 2.95, 7.58, and 5.37 times higher than the corresponding reference group, while the number of captured floor fleas in households with migrant workers, other ground structure, and rodent eradication behavior were 0.32, 0.45, and 0.28 of the corresponding reference group. Conclusions The abundance of floor fleas from households of the commensal rodent plague foci in Yunnan Province is influenced by the basic family situation, indoor and outdoor environmental factors, and human interference factors. To avoid the spread of flea-borne diseases to humans, it is necessary to take comprehensive measures to control the abundance of floor fleas in households.

Objective This study is assigned to explore the expression of CD85d in acute myeloid leukemia and its clinical significance in the diagnosis of monocyte associated acute myeloid leukemia. Methods We used flow cytometry by CD45/SSC to analyze the expression of CD85d, CD14, CD64 in 46 monocyte associated acute myeloid leukemia (M-AML) and 60 non monocyte associated acute myeloid leukemia (NM-AML) patients admitted to the Hematology Department of Hainan General Hospital from March 2022 to December 2023. Results Both normal granulocytes and normal monocytes express CD85d, and monocytes express fluorescence with stronger intensity than granulocytes. CD85d is not expressed in normal lymphocytes.The positive expression rate of CD85d in M-AML was 80.4%（37/46）, which was significantly higher than that in NM-AML 3.3%（2/60), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).The sensitivity of diagnosing M-AML was ranked from high to low as CD64 (87.0%)>CD85d (80.4%)>CD14 (34.8%). The specificity of diagnosing M-AML was ranked from high to low as with CD14 (100%)>CD85d (96.7%)>CD64 (56.7%).The sensitivity and specificity of CD85d combined with CD64 in diagnosing M-AML were 89.1% and 56.7%.There was no statistically significant difference between the detection rate of abnormal karyotypes (53.8%), positive rate of the fusion genes(26.9%), the CR rate (78.3%) in CD85d⁺ AML and that in CD85d^- AML (66.0%, 50.0%, 70.0%) (P>0.05).Conclusion CD85d can be used as a new high sensitivity and specific surface marker for immature monocytes, which is helpful to improve the detection rate of M-AML and differential diagnosis with NM-AML subtypes.

Objective To understand and evaluate the current situation of health emergency personnel capacity building in Chongqing, clarify the main factors that affect and restrict this capacity building, and propose countermeasures and suggestions. This will provide a reference for further improving the capacities of health emergency response in Chongqing. Methods Questionnaire surveys and expert interviews were used to analyze the current situation of health emergency personnel capacity building in 39 disease control and prevention centers and 10 medical institutions in Chongqing from four dimensions: general status, health status, training and drilling status, and health emergency capability. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between self-evaluation of health status and self-evaluation of sleep quality, and multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the main factors influencing emergency response capability. Results Among Chongqing's health emergency personnel, 34.85% had a BMI of overweight or above, only 37.92% regularly conducted health monitoring, and 9.19% experienced health problems during emergencies. The proportions of personnel who participated in two or more training sessions per year, two or more drills per year, and one or more physical fitness evaluations per year were 52.07%, 22.76%, and 31.12%, respectively. The average score of emergency response capability of Chongqing's health emergency personnel was 76.11, with the lowest score in the policy advice capability (48.59). Personnel with a medical background (β=1.025), longer years of emergency response work (β=1.774), better self-evaluated physical condition (β=3.664), better self-evaluated mental condition (β=4.362), and participation in drillings twice or more per year (β=2.696) had higher scores in terms of health emergency response capability (P<0.05). Conclusions There are still some weaknesses in the capacity building of Chongqing's health emergency response personnel. Future efforts should focus on optimizing the staffing structure of the health emergency response team, strengthening the physical training of emergency personnel in normal times and health monitoring and management under emergency conditions, continuously promoting the actual, contextual, and professional emergency training and drilling, and comprehensively improving the physical and mental quality, professional quality, and emergency response capacity of health emergency personnel through multiple approaches.

Objective To identify and analyze the phospholipase A (PLA) gene family in Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei), providing the basis for further research on the potential pathogenic effect and mechanism of T. marneffei PLA. Methods The members of the PLA gene family in T. marneffei were genome-wide identified by using bioinformatics, and their gene structure, chromosome distribution, protein physicochemical property and structure, conserved motif, as well as phyletic evolution, were analyzed. The expression levels of PLA genes in T. marneffei under macrophage treatment were analyzed using the qRT-PCR method. Results A total of eight PLA genes were identified from the genome of T. marneffei, unevenly located on 5 chromosomes without any tandem duplications or fragment duplications. The amino acid residues of PLA proteins ranged from 577 to 1546, molecular weights from 65 120 to 170 690, and the isoelectric point from 4.47 to 9.28. All PLA proteins were hydrophilic, with all but PLA3 classified as unstable hydrophilic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PLA was divided into two subfamilies: PLA2 and patatin-like phospholipase, consisting of 3 and 5 members respectively. Within the same subfamily, gene structures, protein-conserved motifs, and protein structures were relatively similar, whereas significant differences existed between different subfamilies. qRT PCR results showed that the expression levels of PLA3, PLA6, and PLA8 were upregulated in T. marneffei infected with mouse macrophages. Conclusions PLA3, PLA6, and PLA8 may be related to the survival and reproduction of T. marneffei in macrophages.

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen combined with ulinastatin on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myocardial function in rats with acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Methods 50 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten each: normal group (N), model group (M), hyperbaric oxygen group (H), and ulinastatin group (U), and hyperbaric oxygen combined ulinastatin (O) group. The model of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning was established in the M, H, U, and O groups via cumulative subcutaneous injections on the neck back, and the N group did not set up the model. After the success of the modeling, the H group was treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the U group was intraperitoneally injected with ulinastatin at a dose of 100 000 U/kg.The O group received a combination of hyperbaric oxygen and ulinastatin treatment, whereas the N and M groups were gavaged with an equivalent volume of saline. The rats' myocardial function was assessed through cardiac echocardiography, brain tissue pathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining, cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay, and ChAT and acetylcholine (Ach) content in rat brain tissues were determined through histochemical methods. Serum levels of MDA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0. Results Compared with Group N, the left ventricular end systolic dimension (LVSD) and left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVDD) in Group M were both enlarged, with increased interventricular septum (IVS) thickness, aggravated left ventricular strain (LVS), increased number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and elevated Ach and MDA levels (P<0.05). Additionally, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased, while ChAT and SOD levels also decreased (P<0.05). When compared to Group M, both Groups H and U exhibited reduced LVSD and LVDD, thinner IVS, decreased LVS, and fewer apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Ach and MDA levels were lower (P<0.05), while LVEF, ChAT, and SOD levels were higher (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between Groups U and H (P>0.05), while Group O showed more pronounced changes compared to Group U (P<0.05). Rats in Group N exhibited normal brain tissue pathological morphology, while those in Group M suffered severe damage to brain tissue structure. Compared to Group M, significant improvements in symptoms were observed in Groups H, U, and O. Conclusions Hyperbaric oxygen combined with ulinastatin has a significant effect on acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning rats, which can significantly increase ChAT content, decrease MDA content, and effectively improve myocardial function.

Objective To understand the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cluster outbreaks in Tianjin from 2020 to 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for effectively controlling HFMD cluster outbreaks. Methods Epidemic information of Tianjin was collected through the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" from 2020 to 2023. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the time, regional occurrence, and serum typing of HFMD cluster outbreaks. The chi-square test was used to compare the incidence rates in epidemic sites, public and private childcare institutions. The Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the correlation between the time interval from onset to reporting and the outbreak scale and duration of the epidemic. Result From 2020 to 2023, 1 111 HFMD clustered outbreaks were reported in Tianjin, with the highest proportion (49.24%) in 2023 and the highest proportion (47.16%) in childcare institutions. A total of 3 175 cases were involved in cluster outbreaks, with an incidence rate of 11.49%. The peak incidence was from September to October, with the incidence rates of cluster outbreaks in childcare institutions, primary schools, and secondary schools being 5.49%, 3.70%, and 2.68%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of cluster outbreaks among various institutions (χ²=43.498, P<0.001). The duration of the epidemic ranged from 1 to 18 days, with a median of 3 days. The reporting time of the epidemic was positively correlated with the duration of the epidemic (r=0.609, P<0.05) and the number of cases (r=0.515, P<0.05). Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) caused the majority of cluster outbreaks (615 cases, 76.59%), followed by Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) (131 cases, 16.31%). Conclusions HFMD outbreaks in Tianjin predominantly occurred in childcare institutions, with a high incidence of cluster outbreaks during the autumn school opening period. During this period, key places should strengthen morning and afternoon examinations, registration of absences due to illness, and early screening of cluster outbreaks to reduce the scale and duration of the epidemic.

Objective To investigate the effects of Haihuang Bufei Formula on inflammatory factors and T lymphocyte subsets in silicotic rats, and to further explore the therapeutic effects of Haihuang Bufei Formula. Methods The silicotic rat models were constructed by intratracheal instillation of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) suspension. After 24 hours of modeling, the rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, positive drug control group, and low, medium, high dose group of Haihuang Bufei Formula. Each group contained 10 rats, which were administered once daily for one month. One hour after the last administration, the rats were sacrificed. Lung index, serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), hydroxyproline (HYP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in lung tissue were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining methods were used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. Flow cytometry was used to detect the T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of rats. Results Compared with the model group, the lung index, serum IL-1β, lung tissue HYP, and MDA contents in the middle and high dose groups of Haihuang Bufei Formula treatment were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In the high-dose group, the serum TNF-α content decreased to (238.64±51.80) ng/L, and the lung tissue SOD content increased to (55.30±13.77) pg/mL (P<0.05). HE and Masson's staining results indicated that the medium and high doses of Haihuang Bufei Formula could alleviate pathological damage of silicosis and fibrosis in lung tissue. Flow cytometer analysis showed that the percentage of CD8⁺T cells in the high-dose group of Haihuang Bufei Formula was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ increased to (1.44±0.19) (P<0.01), and the percentage of CD4⁺T cells showed no statistically significant change among groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Haihuang Bufei Formula has a protective effect on silicotic rats by reducing collagen content, alleviating pathological damage and fibrosis of lung tissue, which may be related to inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating the immune system.

Objective To evaluate the application of variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) in tracing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a tuberculosis outbreak in school, and explore the roles of these genetic methodologies in addressing tuberculosis transmission in school environments. Methods Identification of mycobacterial strains, spacer oligonucleotide typing (Spoligotyping), VNTR, and WGS were performed on six Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains obtained from TB cases in the first multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak happened in a school in Beijing. Genotyping characteristics were analyzed to identify the transmission chain. Results The 6 culture-positive strains involved 6 students from 4 classes across 2 grades. One of them was the first case, three were close contacts of the first case, and the other two were general contacts. All 6 strains were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Spoligotyping results indicated that 5 of the strains were of the Beijing genotype; the other one had no result. VNTR genotyping divided the 6 strains into 3 clusters with a clustering rate of 66.7%. The largest one of the 3 clusters contained 4 strains with the same genotype, indicating a significant level of recent transmission. The remaining two strains, differing by 1.0-1.6 copies at 1-2 loci from the other four strains, were identified as individual strains. The results of WGS showed that the genomic SNP differences among the 6 strains were greater than 12 SNPs. According to the molecular biology identification criteria of this study, the strains exhibited significant heterogeneity with no homology. Conclusions WGS offers higher accuracy and advantages over VNTR genotyping in evaluating the recent transmission of tuberculosis. WGS can more accurately characterize recent TB transmission in the case of TB outbreaks in schools, especially when there are drug-resistant TB cases, and should be used as a supplement to traditional epidemiology.

Objective To monitor health hazard factors in public places in Guangzhou, identify the main health risks present, and provide an important theoretical basis for ensuring the population's health. Methods Health hazard factor monitoring was conducted from 2021 to 2022 in 8 types of public places in Guangzhou, including guesthouses (hotels), shopping malls (supermarkets), barbershops, beauty salons, waiting rooms, bathing places, swimming pools (gymnasiums), and gyms. The results were evaluated according to the requirements of “Hygienic indicators and limits for public places” (GB 37488-2019). Results A total of 7 125 samples of indoor air, public supplies and appliances, and water quality samples in 8 types of public places in Guangzhou were collected from 2021 to 2022, with an overall qualified rate of 93.3%. The waiting rooms had the lowest qualified rate at 81.5%. There was a statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of samples in various public places (P<0.001), The qualified rate of indoor air was 89.0%, the lowest qualified rate of swimming pools (gymnasiums) is 76.4%, respectively. The differences in the qualified rate of indoor air across various public places were statistically significant (P<0.001). The unqualified indexes were mainly humidity, noise, total number of colonies, and PM_2.5. The qualified rate of noise in shopping malls (supermarkets) was the lowest, which was 0. The qualified humidity rates, PM_2.5, and total number of colonies in the waiting room were the lowest, 11.1%, 50.0%, and 88.9%, respectively. The qualified rate of supplies and appliances (public facilities) was 97.4%, with a statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of various public places (P<0.001). The unqualified indicators mainly included the PH value of towels and the total number of colonies of some supplies (public facilities ). Among them, the total qualified rate of the total number of colonies at the checkout counter in shopping malls (supermarkets) was the lowest, which was 69.4%. The qualified rate of water quality in swimming pools ( gymnasium ) was 86.2%. The unqualified indexes mainly included pH value, redox potential, disinfectant residue and free residual chlorine in foot soaking pool water. Among them, the qualified rate of redox potential in swimming pool water was the lowest, which was 50.0%. Conclusions The overall sanitary conditions of public places in Guangzhou are relatively good. However, the problems of low qualified rate of indoor air in waiting rooms, bathing places, and swimming pools (gymnasiums) should not be ignored. It is recommended that relevant departments strengthen health supervision and take effective control measures.

Objective To characterize the epidemiological features of public health emergencies that occurred in Changping District of Beijing City in recent years, to provide scientific support for promoting prevention and control levels and strengthening response capability on such episodes. Methods Public health emergencies and related information reported in Changping District (January 2006 to December 2023) were obtained from the National Public Health Emergency Reporting and Management System. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on factors such as event level, type, and temporal and spatial distribution in the emergency episodes. Results From 2006 to 2023, a total of 1 219 public health emergencies were reported in Changping District (an annual average of 68 incidents), involving 2,097 cases (an annual average of 117 cases), showing an overall decreasing trend in the annual number of incidents. The emergencies were mainly classified as general level (Class Ⅳ, 31 incidents, all infectious disease events) and unclassified events (1 183 incidents, including 1 141 non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning episodes and 34 infectious disease episodes); there were no major level (Class Ⅲ), significant level (ClassⅡ), or particularly significant level (Class Ⅰ) public health emergencies. Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning accounted for the highest proportion of public health emergencies, occurring predominantly in winter months (November to March), with incidents mainly occurring in households (1 091, 95.62%). Infectious disease emergencies mainly emerged in February and summer months (June to August), with incidents mainly occurring in households (42 cases, 60.00%) and schools (25 cases, 35.71%), involving diseases such as cholera, chickenpox, type A influenza (H1N1), and novel coronavirus infection. Meanwhile, the emergencies were mostly located in the streets/towns with higher population density and larger numbers of floating populations, such as Huilongguan Street, Dongxiaokou Street, Beiqijia Street, and Shahe Town. The median reporting time for public health emergencies in Changping District during 2006-2023 was 0.29 days, with a positive correlation between the discovery-to-reporting time and the duration of infectious disease outbreaks (r_s=0.429，P<0.01). Conclusions Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks are the major causes as well as priorities of public health emergencies in Changping District. The urban-rural fringe areas are high-risk and key areas for the management of such emergencies. For public health emergencies caused by cholera, chicken pox, novel coronavirus infection, and other infectious diseases, comprehensive measures such as strengthening epidemic monitoring, expanding vaccination coverage, and improving handling capacity should be taken to enhance the response capability and raise the prevention and control level on such emergencies.