The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance makes the clinical treatment of infectious diseases face severe challenges, especially when multiple drug-resistant bacteria are infected, there may be no drug available. As a microbial virus, bacteriophage can specifically lyse host bacteria and has a completely different mechanism from antibiotics, which makes it show a unique advantage in dealing with the problem of antibiotic resistance. In this paper, the research status of phage therapy is reviewed by consulting domestic and foreign literature, the conventional methods and novel strategies are introduced through some research cases, including the use of cocktail therapy, phage-antibiotic combined use, phage-related enzymes and some biotechnology such as engineering bacteriophage and recombinant endolysin, there have been many successful treatment cases and developed a variety of bacteriophage products. The problems faced by phage therapy are also discussed in this paper. Although the safety and standardization of phage therapy and the production and supervision of preparations need to be further studied, bacteriophages still have great potential in the treatment and prevention and control of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

ObjectiveTo explore the corelation of the ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphisms and the genetic susceptibility of ischemic stroke in North China. MethodsABCB1 C3435T genotype in 120 ischemic stroke patients and 110 healthy controls in North China was tested by the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay and direct sequencing method, and the correlation of C3435T genotype and ischemic stroke were conducted. ResultsThe ABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies were CC 50%, CT 25 % and TT 25% in ischemic stroke group, and the ABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies were CC 72.7%, CT 15.5% and TT 11.8% in the control group, exhibiting a statistical significance（P<0.05）. ABCB1 C3435T CT and TT genotypes were found to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke than CC（OR=2.35,95% CI :1.19-4.46;OR=3.08, 95% CI ：1.48-6.40）. ConclusionABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies showed racial differences. ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism is correlated with genetic susceptibility of ischemic stroke in the North China .

Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, is the most virulent pathogen known to cause human infection, with a potential to cause a wide range of epidemics. On August 11th, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a death case of Marburg virus disease in Guinea, sounding the alarm for the prevention and control of the virus. There are no specific drugs and vaccines for Marburg virus, and relevant researches are urgently needed, especially rapid and accurate diagnostic reagents. There is no report of Marburg virus disease in China, but there is a potential risk of infection caused by imported cases. It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of prevention and control of Marburg virus disease among those who work and travel to Africa. This article reviews the virological characteristics, infection characteristics and diagnostic methods of Marburg virus in order to enhance the cognition of Marburg virus disease.

Malaria is an endemic infectious disease caused by plasmodium and is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the World Health Organization's announcement of the country's malaria elimination certification in June 2021, the threat of imported malaria will persist as international exchanges become more frequent. In order to promote clinicians' understanding and rational treatment of malaria and to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of malaria, we have invited relevant experts in the field of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China to jointly prepare guidelines. The guidelines introduce the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, care, and prevention of malaria, with emphasis on treatment options for different clinical conditions, so that the clinician can use it properly.

Freshwater snails are gastropods that live in fresh water. Some of them are important economic and medical shellfish, which have important economic and pharmaceutical value. It is important to note that the disorderly expansion of certain freshwater snails can have a negative impact on the ecological environment, as well as being intermediate hosts for a variety of parasites and media for a variety of bacteria and viruses. Snail-transmitted infectious diseases will seriously affect human health and will cause serious social and economic losses to animal husbandry and breeding industry. However, there are few studies on freshwater snails and snail-borne infectious diseases at home and abroad. Therefore, this paper summarizes the species diversity,distribution and infectious diseases of freshwater snails in China,so as to understand the media and transmission pattern of infectious diseases of freshwater snails in China, it provides a theoretical basis for the effective monitoring of the distribution and spread of freshwater snails and for the establishment of prevention and control measures of infectious diseases caused by freshwater snails.

In human gastrointestinal ecosystem, there are enormous and complicated microbes which are closely related to human health and disease. Metagenomic studies can reveal the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the host in much deeper level. Metabonomics has the capacity to measure the metabolic kinetic or flux of metabolites through the human gut ecosystem at a particular point in time or over a time course. The review summarizes the combination of metagenomics and metabonomics holds great potential for application in human diseases caused by the intestinal microbiota.

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of newly and re-emerging arbovirus diseases has brought huge challenges to the prevention and control of arbovirus and biosecurity. The article introduces the main content of the arbovirus biosafety list in the 6th edition of "Biosafety in Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories", including the background of arbovirus biosafety, principles and basis of recommended biosafety level (BSL), classification overview and risk assessment precautions about arboviruses. Providing guidelines and suggestions for scientific researchers in the field of arbovirus research to ensure the laboratory biosafety and responding to biosecurity risk. Further to provide a reference basis for the establishment of laboratory biosafety policies and regulations.

Science and technology of food toxicology in China has developed rapidly in recent years.Nowadays, food toxicology has played an important role in ensuring food safety and human life health, maintaining environment friendly and ecological balance,promoting the sustainable development of economy.It has updated and improved Chinese food related toxicological evaluation procedures, guidelines and management regulations , bringing food safety risk assessment system preliminaly established. Meanwhile, cell toxicological method and toxicology omics has become an important research tool of food toxicology,so did biomarker in epidemiological study.Also, transgenic mouse models using in carcinogenicity studiedes have showed significant superiority and alternative method in vitro research has got further development.This article is planedto review resent advance of technique applications and reasearch of food toxicology in Chinese.

Female sex workers (FSWs) have become an important bridge population for the spread of HIV/AIDS from high-risk populations to general population, especially for the low-grade FSWs, their HIV prevalence is highest among FSWs. The existence of the demands for sexual services from mobile population, and large number of prostitution in all age groups, especially the elderly ones, and the poor awareness of self-protection of FSWs’, are the main causes for HIV/AIDS epidemics. It is necessary to strengthen the effective management and intervention targeting at FSWs, since this is a special and high-risk group. In addition to the cracking down of the prostitution by the public security departments, effective health education be conducted to improve self-protection awareness of FSWs and general population, real-name system health examination for FSWs, as well as strengthening management to HIV positive FSWs etc. should also be implemented. The international & domestic literature on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and control strategies were reviewed and discussed in this article.

Objective To construct the recombinant plasmid pLVX-CD63-mNeptune-Puro, producing Lentivirus in HEK293T cells, and compare the infection efficiency of un-concentrated Lentivirus and ultrafiltration concentrated Lentivirus. Methods The CD63-mNeptune fusion gene was constructed by overlapping PCR. The fusion gene was inserted into the lentiviral expression vector pLVX-Puro to construct the transferred plasmid. Transferred plasmid, packaging plasmid and envelope plasmid were transfected into HEK293T cells. The cell culture medium was collected 48 h and 72 h after transfection. Cell debris and cells in the culture medium are removed by centrifugation at 2 500 ×g for 10 min in 4 ℃. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm pore PVDF Millex-HV filter (Millipore). The filtrate was collected in a 15 mL centrifuge tube. We took 1 mL of Lentivirus filtrate in a 1.5 mL EP tube. The remaining filtrate was concentrated by using ultrafiltration (with a 100 000 cutoff membrane). Then MGC-803 cells were infected with un-concentrated Lentivirus and ultrafiltration concentrated Lentivirus. Efficiency of Lentivirus infection was compared by observing fluorescence signal of MGC-803 cells. Results The Lentivirus transferred plasmid was successfully constructed, and Lentivirus particles were produced by transfection of HEK293T cells. The concentration of lentiviral particles was increased 264 times after ultrafiltration concentration. When cells were infected with the ultrafiltration concentration of Lentivirus, the fluorescence microscopy showed that there were more living cells carrying the fluorescence signal than the un-concentrated Lentivirus. Conclusion The ultrafiltration concentration method can increase the concentration of virus particles and improve the cell infection efficiency. The method of ultrafiltration to concentrate Lentivirus is suitable for most laboratories.