Malaria is an endemic infectious disease caused by plasmodium and is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the World Health Organization's announcement of the country's malaria elimination certification in June 2021, the threat of imported malaria will persist as international exchanges become more frequent. In order to promote clinicians' understanding and rational treatment of malaria and to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of malaria, we have invited relevant experts in the field of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China to jointly prepare guidelines. The guidelines introduce the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, care, and prevention of malaria, with emphasis on treatment options for different clinical conditions, so that the clinician can use it properly.

The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance makes the clinical treatment of infectious diseases face severe challenges, especially when multiple drug-resistant bacteria are infected, there may be no drug available. As a microbial virus, bacteriophage can specifically lyse host bacteria and has a completely different mechanism from antibiotics, which makes it show a unique advantage in dealing with the problem of antibiotic resistance. In this paper, the research status of phage therapy is reviewed by consulting domestic and foreign literature, the conventional methods and novel strategies are introduced through some research cases, including the use of cocktail therapy, phage-antibiotic combined use, phage-related enzymes and some biotechnology such as engineering bacteriophage and recombinant endolysin, there have been many successful treatment cases and developed a variety of bacteriophage products. The problems faced by phage therapy are also discussed in this paper. Although the safety and standardization of phage therapy and the production and supervision of preparations need to be further studied, bacteriophages still have great potential in the treatment and prevention and control of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Freshwater snails are gastropods that live in fresh water. Some of them are important economic and medical shellfish, which have important economic and pharmaceutical value. It is important to note that the disorderly expansion of certain freshwater snails can have a negative impact on the ecological environment, as well as being intermediate hosts for a variety of parasites and media for a variety of bacteria and viruses. Snail-transmitted infectious diseases will seriously affect human health and will cause serious social and economic losses to animal husbandry and breeding industry. However, there are few studies on freshwater snails and snail-borne infectious diseases at home and abroad. Therefore, this paper summarizes the species diversity,distribution and infectious diseases of freshwater snails in China,so as to understand the media and transmission pattern of infectious diseases of freshwater snails in China, it provides a theoretical basis for the effective monitoring of the distribution and spread of freshwater snails and for the establishment of prevention and control measures of infectious diseases caused by freshwater snails.

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of newly and re-emerging arbovirus diseases has brought huge challenges to the prevention and control of arbovirus and biosecurity. The article introduces the main content of the arbovirus biosafety list in the 6th edition of "Biosafety in Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories", including the background of arbovirus biosafety, principles and basis of recommended biosafety level (BSL), classification overview and risk assessment precautions about arboviruses. Providing guidelines and suggestions for scientific researchers in the field of arbovirus research to ensure the laboratory biosafety and responding to biosecurity risk. Further to provide a reference basis for the establishment of laboratory biosafety policies and regulations.

Although people with latent tuberculosis infection did not have any clinical symptoms, they were the main hosts for the emergence of active tuberculosis cases. The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection lacked a 'gold standard' and could only be aided by immunological methods (the body's immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection). Commonly used methods for the diagnosis of latent TB infection include the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), the gamma-interferon release test (IGRA) and the ESAT6-CFP10 (EC) recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein skin test. The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA and EC tests were similar and both were more sensitive than the TST, but the sensitivity and specificity of the TST and IGRA tests were lower in the HIV population than in the general population. The combination of TST and IGRA might be the best choice for predicting active tuberculosis infection, as CD4⁺ counts in the HIV population affected the sensitivity and specificity of TST and IGRA. This study describes the diagnostic value of the three assays for latent tuberculosis infection and also examines the positivity, sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the three assays in the HIV population, in order to provide a scientific basis for the selection of a suitable diagnostic method for latent tuberculosis infection in different target populations, taking into account cost-effectiveness.

Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, is the most virulent pathogen known to cause human infection, with a potential to cause a wide range of epidemics. On August 11th, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a death case of Marburg virus disease in Guinea, sounding the alarm for the prevention and control of the virus. There are no specific drugs and vaccines for Marburg virus, and relevant researches are urgently needed, especially rapid and accurate diagnostic reagents. There is no report of Marburg virus disease in China, but there is a potential risk of infection caused by imported cases. It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of prevention and control of Marburg virus disease among those who work and travel to Africa. This article reviews the virological characteristics, infection characteristics and diagnostic methods of Marburg virus in order to enhance the cognition of Marburg virus disease.

Female sex workers (FSWs) have become an important bridge population for the spread of HIV/AIDS from high-risk populations to general population, especially for the low-grade FSWs, their HIV prevalence is highest among FSWs. The existence of the demands for sexual services from mobile population, and large number of prostitution in all age groups, especially the elderly ones, and the poor awareness of self-protection of FSWs’, are the main causes for HIV/AIDS epidemics. It is necessary to strengthen the effective management and intervention targeting at FSWs, since this is a special and high-risk group. In addition to the cracking down of the prostitution by the public security departments, effective health education be conducted to improve self-protection awareness of FSWs and general population, real-name system health examination for FSWs, as well as strengthening management to HIV positive FSWs etc. should also be implemented. The international & domestic literature on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and control strategies were reviewed and discussed in this article.

Ferritin is a kind of glycoprotein synthesized by the liver.Being the main form of stored iron in the body, it plays an important role in the iron balance. When the iron level in the body is increased, ferritin can intake and storage the iron avoiding the cytotoxicity caused by the high level of intracellular iron; when body needs more iron, Ferritin can release iron at any time. Recent studies have found that tumor tissue can synthesize and secrete ferritin. Ferritin levels increased in liver cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, leukemia and other malignancies. In this paper, we reviewed the the relationship between the changed ferritin and the malignancy disease.

Heatstroke (HS) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by central nervous system dysfunction, multiple organ failure, and extreme hyperthermia. With increasing temperatures worldwide, the incidence of HS has risen, and despite great advances in treatment, the mortality rate remains high, severely affecting human health. Current data suggest that complex mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiological changes in HS, which are not only directly affected by heat exposure, but also closely related to the inflammatory response. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanism and role of the inflammatory response. By reviewing the literature, this paper introduces the role of inflammatory response in HS, briefly expounds the possible ways of cytokines in HS, and focuses on the possible mechanism of inflammatory response in HS from the aspects of direct heat injury, intestinal mucosal barrier injury and inflammatory factors related to organ and tissue injury, with a view to providing further understanding of HS and therapeutic strategies based on inflammatory responses.

Viral hepatitis B is still one of the serious infectious diseases threatening the broad masses of people in China. However, since hepatitis B vaccine was brought into the immunization program in 1992, HBV infection prevalence has decreased significantly, especially the HBsAg positive rate of children under 5 years old has decreased to less than 1%. Hepatitis B vaccine vaccination among susceptible adults is also more and more widespread. HBV DNA test entered the era of high sensitivity, its detection limit has been reached to 10-20 IU/mL, so it provides more accurate decision points for clinical treatment and prognosis judgement. New nuclear nucleoside drugs, and the development of equential or joint treatment such as Peg interferon make hepatitis B patients see a new hope of "functional cure". Through standardized antiviral therapy, which can effectively inhibit HBV DNA viral replication, it significantly reduces the risk of adverse outcomes, such as decompensated liver cirrhosis and cancer. This HBV control and prevention column of China Tropical Medicine published 5 papers about the latest research results of the early diagnosis of hepatitis B related diseases, mother-to-child transmission mechanism, clinical treatment and prognosis in China. We believe that through the joint efforts of everyone, it will not take long time to eliminate hepatitis B infection in our country.

Artemisinin and its derivatives are widely used as first-line antimalarials in the world. Currently, artemisinin derivatives used in clinical treatment include dihydroartemisinin, artemether, artesunate and arteether, etc. Scientists from Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM, CAS) designed a series of novel artemisinin derivatives such as SM735, SM905 and SM934, with lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, and potent immunosuppressive activity. In recent years, more and more clinical and trial evidences show that artemisinin and its derivatives have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and immunomodulative effects in addition to their prominent anti-malaria effect. Artemisinin and its derivatives play an immunosuppressive role by inhibiting the activation of pathogenic T cells, inhibiting the activation of B cells and the production of antibodies, and increasing the expression of regulatory T cells, thereby improving the symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Artemisinin and its derivatives can also regulate tumor immunity by regulating mammalian immune T cells, induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell growth, and play anticancer roles in the treatment of various cancers such as breast cancer and lung cancer. Meanwhile, researchers around the world are still exploring the unknown biological activity of artemisinin derivatives. In order to provide reference for the wider application and development of novel artemisinin drugs, we are discussing the latest progress in this review on the immunomodulatory mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives and its role in autoimmune diseases, inhibiting the proliferation, promoting apoptosis of tumor cells, inducing cell cycle arrest, interfering with tumor invasion and metastasis, regulating tumor signaling pathways, etc.

Aedes albopictus is an important epidemiologically vector for dengue transmission in China. The surveillance methods include monitoring adult mosquitoes and larvae. And there are various control methods. Aedes albopictus surveillance includes human biting method, mosquito-ovitrap, CDC light trap, mosquito-curtain trap, mosquito magnet and BG-Sentinel trap. The control methods of Aedes albopictus mainly focus on ecological environment management, combining physical control, chemical control, biological control and other methods. In this paper, the different monitoring and control methods were analyzed and compared according to different Objectives and requirements, and some new techniques developed in recent years were also introduced and prospected in this paper, which will provide the reference for the scientific and reasonable formulation of vector surveillance scheme and mosquito control measures.

Chikungunya fever is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In the past 20 years, this disease been seriously epidemic in the Indian Ocean Region, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has led to the occurrence of imported cases at least 16 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. Among them, indigenous epidemics have occurred in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) gene sequences have been detected in serum samples from fever of unknown origin cases and mosquito specimens collected from Yunnan Province, mosquitoes from Zhejiang Province and midges from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The epidemic strains of CHIKV in China were mainly the Indian Ocean clade lineage of the East/Central/South African genotype, and the Asian genotype. Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in central, eastern and southern China, and Ae. aegypti is distributed in some parts of Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Taiwan. These two kinds of Aedes mosquitoes in China are highly susceptibility and transmissibility to CHIKV. There is still a risk of outbreak or pandemic of chikungunya fever in the distribution areas of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in China. The monitoring and management of imported cases and the control of the vector Aedes mosquitoes is an important focus of prevention and control work that needs to strengthened at present. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathogenic biology on chikungunya fever in China, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of this disease.

Midges are a group of important blood-sucking insects with many kinds of small flies and wide environmental distribution. As midges can spread a variety of human and animal diseases caused by blood-sucking, midges are also important medical insects. This paper focuses on the life habits of midges and the classification of midges at home and abroad, especially introduces the domestic and international blood-sucking midges and their transmitted viruses, and makes a discussion about the human or animal diseases and public health problems caused by midges-borne viruses, which can be used as a reference for promoting related research in China.

ObjectiveTo explore the corelation of the ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphisms and the genetic susceptibility of ischemic stroke in North China. MethodsABCB1 C3435T genotype in 120 ischemic stroke patients and 110 healthy controls in North China was tested by the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay and direct sequencing method, and the correlation of C3435T genotype and ischemic stroke were conducted. ResultsThe ABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies were CC 50%, CT 25 % and TT 25% in ischemic stroke group, and the ABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies were CC 72.7%, CT 15.5% and TT 11.8% in the control group, exhibiting a statistical significance（P<0.05）. ABCB1 C3435T CT and TT genotypes were found to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke than CC（OR=2.35,95% CI :1.19-4.46;OR=3.08, 95% CI ：1.48-6.40）. ConclusionABCB1 C3435T genotype and allele frequencies showed racial differences. ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism is correlated with genetic susceptibility of ischemic stroke in the North China .

Mosquitoes are the vectors of various infectious diseases. The use of repellent is one of the important ways to prevent mosquito bites and block transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Compared with chemosynthetic repellents, plant-based repellents have many unmatched advantages such as safety, environmental protection, mildness, minor stimulus, and fresh smell. So, the plants that repel mosquitoes have become thefocus of research. This review summarized the progress of the research and application of botanical resources and their bioactive substances in plant-based repellents against mosquitoes.

AIDS is achronic incurable class B infectious disease with a very high mortality rate caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common route of transmission is by sexual activity and sharing syringes.High HIV prevalence not only brings heavy disease burden to individuals, families and society, but also causes wasting of medical resources. Condom is the safest, most convenient and effective way to prevent sexually transmitted HIV infection. In China, HIV is mostly transmitted by sexual behavior, while the rate of condom use amongpeople living with HIV and high-risk population is not high. In order to effectively curb the spread of HIV, this article summarizes the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in China and the prevalence of condom use among high-risk populations, providing direction for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in China.