Objective This study aims to observe the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar epithelial cells by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in vitro, and to explore a new mechanism by which LPA leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Human AT2-derived A549 cells were cultured in vitro, and divided into negative control group, positive control group (TGF-β1) and LPA experimental group. The morphological changes of cells in each group were observed. The expressions of epithelial cell markers (CK-19 and E-cadherin), mesenchymal markers (vimentin) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by immunofluorescence. The mRNA and protein expression of CK-19 and E-cadherin, Vimentin and α-SMA in each group were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Results After A549 cells were induced by LPA in vitro, their cell morphology changed from epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, the cell polarity disappeared, and showed a spindle-shaped change. Immunofluorescence suggested that after LPA and TGF-β1 respectively induced A549 cells, the fluorescence expressions of CK-19 and E-cadherin were weakened, while the fluorescence expressions of vimentin and α-SMA were enhanced. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that after LPA induced A549, mRNA levels of epithelial markers CK-19 and E-cadherin in A549 cells were downregulated, whereas mRNA expression levels of mesenchymal markers Vimentin and α-SMA were upregulated. Western blotting further showed that after LPA induced A549, the protein level of epithelial marker CK-19 showed a time-dependent decrease, while E-cadherin protein expression also declined but without a time-dependent pattern. In contrast, TGF-β1 induction A549 resulted in time-dependent downregulation of both CK-19 and E-cadherin protein levels, accompanied by time-dependent upregulation of Vimentin and α-SMA protein expression. Conclusion LPA induces EMT of AT2 cells in vitro, providing new evidence for the mechanism of LPA in promoting pulmonary fibrosis and a theoretical basis for the potential therapeutic value of lipid mediators in pulmonary fibrosis.
Objective To observe the effect of miR-31 gene silencing on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, and to explore its regulatory mechanism on Wnt/β-catenin (β-catenin) pathway. Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was transfected with miR-31-mimic, miR-31-mimic-NC, miR-31-inhibitor and miR-31-inhibitor-NC respectively, and they were divided into overexpression group, overexpression control group, silence group and silence control group, with 5 replicate holes in every group. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-31. Test kit of CCK-8 was used to detect the cell proliferation activity. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of cells. Transwell chamber assay was used to detect the invasion activity, and scratch test was performed to detect the invasive and migratory ability of cells. RT qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of β-catenin, cyclin D1 (CCND1), myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC), v-jun avian sarcona virus 17 oncogene homolog (JUN), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CD44, of which the protein expressions were detected by Western blotting (WB). Double luciferase gene reporting experiment was used to verify targeting effect of miR-31 on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Results The expression of miR-31, activity of cell proliferation, the number of invasive cells and wound healing rate in overexpression group were higher than those in overexpression control group (P<0.05), which in silence group were lower than those in silence control group and overexpression group (P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of the overexpression group were lower than those of the overexpression control group (P<0.05), which in the silence group were higher than those in the silence control group and overexpression group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of β-catenin, CCND1, MYC, JUN, COX-2 and CD44 in the overexpression group were higher than those in overexpression control group (P<0.05), which in silence group were lower than those in silence control group and overexpression group (P<0.05). miR-31 can target Wnt. Conclusion miR-31 gene silencing can inhibit the malignant biological behavior of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, while miR-31 overexpression can promote it, and it is related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Objective To investigate the association between polymorphisms in ESR1 (estrogen receptor gene 1) and ESR2 (estrogen receptor gene 2) genes and risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population, thereby providing a scientific basis and strategic guidance for the precise prevention of lung cancer. Methods From January 2021 to June 2023, 445 lung cancer cases were recruited from Hainan General Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, along with 445 healthy controls matched 1∶1 by gender and age. Blood samples were collected from all participants for genomic DNA extraction. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)(rs2234693, rs9340799, rs3798577, and rs3020314 in ESR1 and rs1256049 and rs4986938 in ESR2) were analyzed using MassARRAY SNP genotyping technology. Associations between these SNPs and lung cancer susceptibility in the Hainan population were analyzed. Results Among the 445 cases, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (61.51±10.31) years; 66.29% were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and 51.46% were in stage IV. Among the 445 controls, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (58.11±10.19) years. No statistically significant differences in gender or age were observed between the two groups. Carriers of the ESR1 rs3798577 TC genotype (ORadj: 6.000×1021, 95%CI: 1.100×1021-3.277×1022, P<0.001) or CC genotype (ORadj:1.201×1022, 95%CI: 1.089×1021-1.324×1023, P<0.001), as well as individuals with the dominant model genotype TC+CC (ORadj: 5.174×1021, 95%CI: 4.695×1020-5.701×1022, P<0.001), showed a markedly elevated risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population. However, stratified analyses based on gender, age, smoking status, and menopausal status revealed no significant associations between any of the six SNPs and lung cancer risk. Conclusion In the Hainan population, carriers of the TC and CC genotypes at ESR1 rs3798577 have a substantially higher risk of developing lung cancer, providing a valuable reference for the prevention and control strategies of lung cancer in Hainan.
Objective To investigate the drug-resistance profile and genotypes of Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) isolates obtained in Henan Province and to provide data to support infection control. Methods Thirty-two MABC isolates collected from specimens submitted by designated tuberculosis institutions across various cities of Henan Province between 2019 and 2022 were studied. The microplate dilution method was used to detect the susceptibility of MABC isolates to 12 drugs. Resistance-associated mutations were detected by the melting curve analysis method and gene sequencing. Genotyping was carried out using an 18-locus VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) assay, and clustering analysis was performed by BioNumerics software. Results Of the 32 isolates, 18 were M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, 13 were M. abscessus subsp. Massiliense, and 1 was M. abscessus subsp. Bolletii. Drug susceptibility testing showed that amikacin, clarithromycin, tigecycline, linezolid, and cefoxitin had good in vitro antibacterial activity against the isolates, with resistance rates of 6.25% (2/32), 15.63% (5/32), 15.63% (5/32), 25.00% (8/32), and 25.00% (8/32), respectively. High resistance rates were observed to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, doxycycline, tobramycin, imipenem, and moxifloxacin, with resistance rates of 87.50% (28/32), 81.25% (26/32), 81.25% (26/32), 78.13% (25/32), 65.63% (21/32), 65.63% (21/32), and 59.38% (19/32), respectively. M. abscessus subsp. abscessus showed significantly higher resistance to cefoxitin and clarithromycin after 14 days of incubation than M. abscessus subsp. Massiliense (P<0.05). The 18-locus VNTR classified the 32 isolates into 28 distinct genotypes, comprising 3 clusters containing 7 isolates and 25 unique patterns, with an HGDI index of 0.990. Conclusion MABC isolates in Henan Province are mainly composed of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. Amikacin, clarithromycin, tigecycline, linezolid, and cefoxitin exhibit robust in vitro activity against these isolates. The 18-locus VNTR method offers high discriminatory power for genotyping MABC strains.
Objective The objective of this study is to identify tuberculosis-specific biomarkers in peripheral blood by integrating bioinformatics analysis with machine learning algorithms, thereby improving the differential diagnostic efficiency between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Methods Based on the dataset GSE42834 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer were screened. Tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified using Venn diagrams. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and random forest (RF) algorithm was conducted a two-step screening of candidate genes to select core diagnostic biomarkers. The expression and diagnostic performance of these biomarkers were further validated in independent datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) using clinical cohorts (84 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 31 lung cancer cases, and 54 healthy controls). Results A total of 277 tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified. Through joint screening with LASSO algorithm and random forest algorithm, four shared signature genes (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) were selected as diagnostic biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis. When diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis by a single gene, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) values were exceeding 0.98. Analysis of validation datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) revealed significant upregulation of these genes in peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients (P<0.000 1), while their expression showed no significant differences in lung cancer patients. By collecting clinical samples for assessment of diagnostic efficiency, it was found that the expressions of Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1 were significantly higher in tuberculosis group than in healthy controls and lung cancer group (P<0.000 1). ROC analysis demonstrated that AUC values of single genes (Gbp6, Batf2, and Tap1) achieved >0.8 for discriminating tuberculosis (including both culture-negative and culture-positive cases) from lung cancer and healthy controls. When the four genes are used in combination, the model achieved an AUC of 0.99 for the overall diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (AUC for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis was>0.98). Conclusion The tuberculosis-specific gene biomarkers (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) identified in this study demonstrate high diagnostic efficacy and hold significant clinical value for differential diagnosis, offering a novel strategy for non-invasive discrimination of pulmonary tuberculosis. Future multicenter prospective studies should be conducted to validate their generalizability and explore their diagnostic specificity across other infectious diseases.
Objective To construct a mortality risk prediction model for death of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and evaluate predictive efficacy of the model, aiming to provide scientific basis for reducing the mortality rate of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods This study used a retrospective analysis method to organize the data of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients admitted to the ICU of Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center from 2016 to 2020. All cases were randomly divided into a modeling group and a validation group according to a 7:3 ratio. A risk prediction model was constructed using logistic regression analysis, and a colored column chart was drawn. In addition, the study further validated the model and plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the predictive efficiency of column chart. Results A total of 852 cases were collected, of which 597 patients were included in modeling group, with 109 deaths (18.26%), while 41 deaths (16.08%) in validation group of 255 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of modeling group revealed that sputum smear positivity, shorter hospital stay, severe pneumonia, fungal infection, advanced age, low levels of albumin, and high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were independent risk factors for mortality in severe pulmonary tuberculosis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model group was 0.905 (95%CI: 0.874-0.935), the sensitivity was 0.890（95%CI：0.831-0.949）, the specificity was 0.828（95%CI：0.794-0.861）, and the C-index was 0.905 (95%CI: 0.875-0.935); The AUC of the validation group was 0.893 (95%CI: 0.837-0.949), the sensitivity was 0.902（95%CI：0.812-0.993）, the specificity was 0.832（95%CI：0.782-0.882)， and the C-index was 0.893 (95%CI: 0.838-0.948). The decision curve chart (DCA) indicated that the accuracy and net benefit of the model's application are relatively high within the range of 0-1 of the diagnostic probability for patients in the modeling and validation groups. Conclusion The death prediction model for severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in ICU treatment based on column charts demonstrates excellent discriminative ability and accuracy, and shows great clinical potential in identifying high-risk death patients. This helps to develop effective intervention measures for severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the ICU, thereby reducing mortality rates.
Objective To investigate the adaptive changes and genetic mechanisms underlying Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, aiming to provide valuable insights and considerations for developing effective anti-infection strategies in this patient population. Methods A case of bronchiectasis complicated with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was collected from October 2022 to January 2024 in the central theater general hospital, during which bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected. Six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified (designated as PA-08, PA-09, PA-10, PA-11, PA-12, and PA-13 in chronological order). Subsequently, third-generation whole genome sequencing was performed to analyze genetic evolution and conduct biological phenotype identification. The aim was to elucidate the relationship between their adaptive changes and clinical outcomes. Results The genome sequencing results revealed that the aforementioned six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa originated from a common ancestor, yet their genome sizes exhibited variations of up to 1.6 Mbp. Further analysis demonstrated that PA-09, PA-10, and PA-12 all experienced a loss of a 14.47 kbp fragment encompassing 12 genes responsible for encoding pyocyanin and ferriferin, when compared to PA-08. Additionally, PA-12 also underwent a loss of a segment spanning approximately 1.5 Mbp. The distinction lies in the fact that PA-13 exhibits significant gene acquisition, with only minor fragment deletions and translocations compared to the PA-08 genome. Phenotypic analysis revealed a decrease in virulence of subsequent isolates, when compared to PA-08. E-test drug susceptibility testing demonstrated the antibacterial effect of common anti-gram-negative drugs on the above strains was related to the genome. Concurrently, as the strain's genotype and phenotype underwent changes, although patient symptoms exhibited fluctuations, overall disease progression displayed a trend of gradual exacerbation due to persistent and progressive. Conclusion The present study elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying microevolution and adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, thereby implying a close association between disease progression in bronchiectasis patients and chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Objective To explore epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterium pulmonary disease (NTM-PD), and analyze its treatment status and influencing factors. Methods This study adopted a retrospective cohort study method to systematically collect complete clinical data of patients with NTM-PD who were clinically diagnosed in the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University from 2021 to 2023. Clinical distribution and characteristics of NTM species were analyzed and compared, with a focus on exploring the key factors influencing the treatment outcome. Results From 2021 to 2023, a total of 436 patients with NTM-PD were diagnosed, including 117 (26.8%) with Mycobacterium kansasii infection, 220 (50.5%) with M. avium complex (MAC) infection, 38 cases (8.7%) of Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB), 17 cases (3.9%) of other NTM species and 44 cases (10.1%) of co-infection with NTM species. 104 cases (23.9%) were diagnosed in 2021, 123 cases (28.2%) in 2022, and 209 cases (47.9%) in 2023. The majority of patients with Mycobacterium kansasii were male (72.6%), while the majority of patients with MAC and MAB were female (58.6% and 60.5%, respectively). The patients with Mycobacterium kansasii infection were 51.00(40.00, 66.00) years old, that of patients with MAC infection was 65.00 (54.00, 72.00) years old, and that of patients with MAB infection was 65.50 (49.50, 70.00) years old. A total of 205 NTM-PD patients were included by convenience sampling method to analyze treatment outcomes. 121 (59.0%) were successfully treated and 84 (41.0%) were failed. Multivariate analysis showed that M. avium complex group (OR=12.644, P=0.002), no monthly reexamination (OR=0.059, P<0.001), short duration of treatment (OR=0.866, P=0.028), sputum smear positive (OR=16.896, P<0.001) and lymphocyte percentage (OR=0.907, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for treatment failure. Conclusions The number of NTM-PD cases in Wuxi showed an increasing trend year by year, and the distribution of strains showed significant differences. The main bacterial species are Mycobacterium avium complex group, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium abscess, There are differences in gender, age and concurrent respiratory diseases among patients infected with different NTM species. The overall treatment effect of NTM-PD patients is not ideal, and it is necessary to focus on high-risk patients during treatment.
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important intracellular immune sensor, and recent studies have shown that it plays a key role in various lung diseases. Lung injury and lung cancer are major health issues that lead to high mortality rates worldwide, and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Currently, research on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these diseases is gradually increasing, but related mechanisms remain unclear, especially regarding its interactions between lung injury and lung cancer. This article aims to explore the mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of lung injury and lung cancer by analyzing its activation mechanisms, its role in lung injury, and its relationship with lung cancer, revealing the potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target and biomarker. The review will incorporate the latest research findings to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of lung diseases.
Objective To investigate basic physicochemical properties of the RL22 protein in Rhipicephalus linnaei, analyze relative expression levels of RL22 in different developmental stages and tissues of the tick, and evaluate potential of RL22 as a candidate anti-tick antigen through animal experiments. Methods By collecting tick and tissue samples from various periods, RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed into cDNA for qPCR and data analysis; PET28a-RL22 expression plasmids was synthesised and transformed into E. coli BL21 for prokaryotic expression and purification; the purified proteins were used for immunisation experiments on New Zealand white rabbits; the immunogenicity of rRL22 and their immune reactivity were determined by ELISA and Western blot; The potential of RL22 as a candidate anti-tick vaccine was assessed by determining blood-sucking weight, egg-laying weight, duration of blood-sucking, and hatching rate of the ticks. Results The RL22 protein is with amino acid length of 177 aa, featuring an 18 aa signal peptide, and is a hydrophilic, stable, acidic secreted protein. B-cell linear epitopes were predicted at positions 19-36, 48-53, 61-67, 76-86, 94-109, 112-122, 147-148, 150-158, and 170-173 aa. Homology modeling revealed that its N-terminal and C-terminal regions contain α-helical structures, while the protein adopts a typical β-barrel conserved spatial conformation; RL22 is expressed in ticks of different periods, and it is expressed highest in the midgut of blood-satisfied ticks; after immunisation, rRL22 made the host New Zealand white rabbits to produce specific antibodies, and titres of the antibodies reached 1:256 000 at 35 days; the immune challenge test indicated that rRL22 provided certain protective effects. Compared with the PBS control group, the body weight at full blood, egg production and hatching rate decreased by 7.2%, 9.4% and 6.4% respectively. However, the differences were not significant. Meanwhile, it was found that rRL22 significantly prolonged the time of tick blood feeding. Conclusion RL22 is a hydrophilic, acidic secretory protein harboring multiple B-cell epitopes, suggesting it belongs to the lipocalin family. RL22 was expressed across all tested developmental stages of ticks, with the highest expression levels observed in engorged nymphs. The recombinantly expressed rRL22 protein demonstrated partial anti-tick protective effects in immunized New Zealand rabbits. This study provides valuable insights for the development of anti-tick vaccine candidates.
Objective To investigate whether modulation of the host lung tissue PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling attenuates inflammation induced by Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus) infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of P. proliferus. Methods A rat model of pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by P. proliferus infection was established and treated with either the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the RXR-α agonist bexarotene for intervention. Then, whole-transcriptome sequencing of rat lung tissues was performed on the DNBSEQ platform. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to quantify the mRNA and protein expression of key target molecules of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) was used to assess the protein-protein interactions between PPAR-γ and RXR-α. The rate of fatty-acid β-oxidation in lung tissue was measured colorimetrically, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of fatty-acid β-oxidation-related genes, including Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Cpt1, Cpt1c, Cpt2, Fabp4, Fabp5, Fat4, Acox1, Rxr-α, and Rxr-b in the rat model of P. proliferus infection. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and CoIP assays showed that the mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ and RXR-α were down-regulated in rat lung tissues of the model group, whereas both bexarotene and rosiglitazone significantly restored their expression and enhanced PPAR-γ/RXR-α interaction (all P<0.05). The fatty acid β-oxidation rates of the rat lung tissues in healthy control, model, bexarotene, and rosiglitazone groups were 60 (55.76, 64.92), 44 (41.33, 47.77), 63.00 (54.00, 67.41), and 59.90 (49.60, 67.00) μmol/(min·mg), respectively. Corresponding serum IL-1 levels were 105.61 (96.52, 113.90 ), 147.54 (143.32, 182.88), 94.98 (92.85, 111.25), and 94.25 (79.61, 115.22) pmol/L; IL-6 levels were 1 398.06 (1 258.22, 2 220.21), 4 538.12 (3 427.64, 5232.93), 1 950.00 (1 429.68, 2 359.00) and 663.91 (604.67, 770.61) pg/mL; and TNF-α levels were 153.86 (136.50, 156.88), 183.1847 (169.58, 194.24), 151.78 (144.69, 162.48) and 165.90 (158.97, 171.78) pmol/L, respectively. Overall differences among the four groups were significant (H=10.45, 13.24, 19.72, and 13.59, all P<0.05); furthermore, the model group differed from the healthy control, and both treatment groups (bexarotene or rosiglitazone group) differed from the model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Activation of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling reduces the level of inflammation induced by P. proliferus infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation in rat lung tissues.
Objective By analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in Hu'nan Province from 2013 to 2022, we can understand epidemic characteristics of leprosy in Hu'nan Province, thus providing a basis for formulating leprosy control and prevention strategies. Methods Through the Leprosy Management Information System in China, leprosy surveillance data of Hu'nan Province from 2013 to 2022 were comprehensively collected, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze epidemiological characteristics of leprosy. Results From 2013 to 2022, detection rate of leprosy in Hu'nan Province generally showed a downward trend (χ2=42.65，P<0.05）. The detection rate of leprosy in Hu'nan Province has decreased from 0.059/100 000 in 2013 to 0.013/100 000 in 2022, with an average annual decrease of 15.47%. The average detection rates of Xiangxi, Zhangjiajie, Huaihua, Yongzhou, and Shaoyang ranked among the top five in Hu'nan province, which were 0.265/100 000, 0.119/100 000, 0.085/100 000, 0.036/100 000, and 0.033/100 000 respectively. From 2013 to 2022, 250 new leprosy cases were detected in Hu'nan Province. Among them, males, children, migrating population, multibacillary cases, cases with grade 2 disability, cases with unknown source of infection, and cases detected through outpatient clinics accounted for 66.00% (165 cases), 1.20% (3 cases), 7.20% (18 cases), 74.00% (185 cases), 27.10% (68 cases), 65.60% (164 cases), and 57.20% (143 cases) respectively. A total of 32 relapsed leprosy cases were reported in Hu'nan Province, among which the relapsed cases after combined chemotherapy accounted for 46.90% (15 cases). From 2013 to 2022, the number of active leprosy cases in Hu'nan Province decreased from 386 cases in 2013 to 103 cases in 2022, representing a reduction of 73.31%. The prevalence rate decreased from 0.585/100 000 in 2013 to 0.150/100 000 in 2022, showing a significant downward trend (χ2=390.58，P<0.05）, with an average annual decline of 14.03%. The top three city in Hu'nan Province with prevalence rate of leprosy were Xiangxi, Zhangjiajie, and Huaihua, with rates of 1.289/100 000, 0.392/100 000, and 0.383/100 000 respectively. Conclusion From 2013 to 2022, the detection rates and prevalence rates of leprosy in Hu'nan Province continued to decline. The overall leprosy epidemic situation decreased significantly, and remarkable achievements have been made in the work of eliminating the harm of leprosy. However, the leprosy control and prevention work in the western region cannot be ignored.
Objective To investigate the species composition, spatial distribution, and phylogenetic relationships of ticks in Shanghai's urban parks, thereby providing scientific evidence and decision-making support for the prevention and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods From March to October 2023, surveys were conducted at 25 parks across 10 districts in Shanghai, including Songjiang, Jinshan, and Qingpu. Free-living ticks were collected using the drag-flag method, with the flag-dragging distance recorded. Parasitic ticks were collected from host animals using the animal body surface method. Morphological identification and molecular biological identification based on the 16S rRNA gene were employed to identify the tick species. Simultaneously, Species composition, host infestation rate, and average density of free-living ticks were calculated based on the identification results, and a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results A total of 815 ticks, all belonging to the genus Haemaphysalis, were obtained. This included 404 (49.57%) of Haemaphysalis flava, 385 (47.23%) of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and 26 (3.19%) of Haemaphysalis doenitzi. Among these, 754 were free-living ticks, with an average tick density of 3.72 ticks/(flag-100 metres). The remaining 61 were parasitic ticks, with an infestation rate of 100.0%. The free-living ticks collected included the three aforementioned species, with Haemaphysalis flava and Haemaphysalis longicornis identified as the dominant tick species in urban parks. Parasitic ticks, including H. flava and H. doenitzi, were found on two hedgehogs in a park located in Minhang District. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each species formed a distinct clade, although minor sub-clades were present within major branches, indicating intraspecific genetic variation. Conclusions Three tick species belonging to one genus were found in the urban parks across Shanghai, with Haemaphysalis flava and Haemaphysalis longicornis being the dominant species. Haemaphysalis doenitzi represents a newly recorded species in the region. Some gene heterogeneity was observed within tick species. These findings highlight the necessity of enhancing tick and tick-borne disease surveillance, research, and prevention in parks to provide better protection for public health.
Objective This study monitored changes in resistance of Aedes albopictus to common insecticides in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, from 2022 to 2024, providing a basis for effective control of Aedes albopictus. Methods From 2022 to 2024, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus were collected from different habitats in the east, west, south, north, and central regions of Nanning using the dipping method. The samples were sent to a laboratory and raised to adulthood. After morphological identification, Aedes albopictus were mixed and reared to the F1 generation. Late third- to early fourth-instar larvae were tested for resistance using the larval immersion method, and 3-5 days old non-blood-fed female adults were tested using the adult mosquito tube contact method. Results From 2022 to 2024, the resistance ratio of Aedes albopictus larvae to propoxur was 15.92-16.77, indicating moderate resistance; the resistance ratio to fenthion was 6.06-11.36, resistance was low in 2022, showed fluctuations in 2023 (moderate resistance), and declined to low resistance in 2024. For adult mosquitoes, the 24-hour mortality rates to organophosphates such as fenitrothion, malathion, and carbamate propoxur ranged from 85.83% to 100.00%, indicating suspected resistance or susceptibility. However, the 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin ranged between 0 and 16.67%, classifying as resistant populations. The 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids like cyfluthrin and cis-cypermethrin varied from 13.33% to 80.00%, showing significant fluctuations. The population was resistant to cis-cypermethrin, and was resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin or suspected to be resistant. Conclusion Aedes albopictus larvae in Nanning exhibited varying degrees of resistance to propoxur and fenthion, while adult mosquitoes showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticide use should be adjusted based on resistance monitoring results, and resistance monitoring should continue to develop effective measures to delay resistance, enabling scientific control of Aedes albopictus.
Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and spatial clustering of the rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis epidemic in Guizhou Province, this study aims to identify high-risk populations and areas. The findings will provide a foundation for optimizing control and prevention strategies. Methods Based on the reported incidence data of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Guizhou from 2017 to 2023, this study described and analyzed the distribution characteristics of rifampicin resistance in the province. Through spatial correlation analysis, the study also identified the spatial distribution characteristics and clustering patterns across the 88 counties (districts) of Guizhou Province. Results From 2017 to 2023, the average annual reported incidence rate of rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Guizhou Province was 135/100 000. The incidence rate increased from 0.80/100 000 in 2017 to 1.42/100 000 in 2023 (χ2trend=49.984, P<0.001). The annual average reported incidence rate among males was 1.77/100 000, higher than the rate among females at 0.91/100 000 (χ2=358.485, P<0.001). Both genders showed an upward trend in incidence (χ2trend=20.917, 34.051, P<0.001). The incidence rate in individuals aged 60 years and older was higher than in other age groups (χ2=1 035.432, P<0.001). Occupation-wise, farmers accounted for 53.63% of cases, followed by housekeeping and unemployed groups, which together accounted for 29.00% (χ2=5 377.934, P<0.001). The proportion of housekeeping and unemployed groups also showed an increasing trend(χ2trend=18.388, P<0.001). The spatial distribution results indicated that the number of counties (districts) with reported cases of rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in 2023 was higher than that in 2017. Spatial correlation analysis showed that the average annual reported incidence exhibited spatial clustering across the province from 2017 to 2023 (Moran' I=0.19, Z=3.06, P<0.05). High-high clustering areas were primarily located in Songtao, Jiangkou, Yanhe, and Bijiang in Tongren City, while low-low clustering areas were concentrated in counties (district) such as Duyun, Sandu, Libo, and Dushan in Qiannan. Conclusion In recent years, the incidence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in Guizhou Province has shown an upward trend, posing a significant challenge to current prevention and control efforts. The high-risk populations include males, individuals aged 60 years and older, farmers, and those in housekeeping and unemployed groups. Areas with high clustering of cases, such as Songtao, Jiangkou, Yanhe, and Bijiang in Tongren City, are particularly affected. It is essential to delve deeper into the causes of drug-resistant tuberculosis, develop targeted control and prevention strategies for different regions, and effectively mitigate the tuberculosis epidemic across the province.
Objective To understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022, examine their associations with environmental factors, and provide evidence for assessing the risk of secondary transmission of imported malaria and formulating control strategies. Methods An outdoor double tent human bait whole night trapping method was used to systematically collect monitoring data on Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022. Environmental variables were derived from multi-source remote-sensing datasets, including Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, the daily all-weather surface temperature dataset of China's land and surrounding areas, and ERA5-Land reanalysis data. Based on the obtained data, a descriptive analysis characterized the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of the population of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province. Subsequently, a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to investigate the correlation between environmental factors and the density of Anopheles sinensis. Results Except for 2020, the seasonal variation trend of the density of Anopheles sinensis showed a unimodal pattern in all other years, with the peak density occurring in July. In 2019, the density of Anopheles sinensis was the highest [2.62 mosquitoes/(person·hour)]. Temperature, humidity, rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and waterbody area were all significant nonlinear explanatory indicators for the density of Anopheles sinensis (all P<0.05). NDVI, Rainfall, and temperature displayed significant lag effects on the density of Anopheles sinensis, whereas humidity was associated with density only in the absence of lag (F=15.42, P=0.003), and lost relevance after a one-month lag (F=1.94, P=0.082). The greatest impacts were observed at an NDVI of 0.35 and a monthly rainfall of 110 mm, beyond which their effects diminished. Conclusions Anopheles sinensis density in Anhui Province is strongly influenced by environmental factors, among which the density of Anopheles sinensis is much influenced by waterbody area, humidity, temperature, NDVI, and rainfall. In the future, integrating environmental data could enhance malaria re-transmission risk surveillance and guide the development of targeted control measures in Anhui Province.
Objective To understand mosquito species density and composition in large parks in Shanghai, thereby providing evidence-based measures for the prevention and control of mosquitoes. Methods Three types of parks, large parks in the central urban area, rural forest park, and wildlife park, were selected as research objects; four sampling stations (east, south, west, north) were set up in each park, giving 12 stations in total. From May to October 2023, surveillance will be conducted once every ten days with BG-Traps, and meteorological variables will be recorded during each trapping period. At the same time, a questionnaire on factors related to mosquito bites was investigated among visitors. Data were collated with Excel 2019 and analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Results A total of 14 879 mosquitoes were captured, with an average density of 68.88 specimens/(trap·day). Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus were the common dominant species in the three types of parks, and the other dominant species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus or Armigeres subalbatus. Mosquito density exhibited a unimodal seasonal pattern: peak occurred in July in both the wildlife park and large park in central urban areas at 241.67 and 77.42 specimens/(trap·day) in July, respectively, and in August in the rural forest park at 11.27 specimens/(trap·day). The analysis of mosquito density and meteorological factors showed that overall mosquito density was positively correlated with daily mean air temperature and daily mean wind speed (r=0.501, 0.366, P<0.01). The questionnaire showed a mosquito-bite prevalence of 33.45%; bitten visitors were predominantly male, younger, spent longer periods in the park, and reported a higher usual bite frequency than unbitten visitors. Conclusions Mosquito density is relatively high in large urban parks. Regular mosquito surveillance should be carried out, and species-specific control measures should be scheduled according to species composition and seasonal trends. Planting mosquito-repellent vegetation at high-traffic sites is recommended, along with strengthened public education to raise awareness of mosquito prevention and control and the hazards of mosquito-borne diseases.
Objective To understand the prevalence, morbidity, and healthcare consultation patterns of common respiratory virus infections among children in kindergarten in Wuxi, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating precise prevention and control measures in kindergarten places. Methods This study adopted a prospective cohort study design, recruiting a total of 104 children from a kindergarten in Wuxi City, with a cohort follow-up period from September 2022 to June 2023. Throat swab sampling and PCR testing of eight respiratory viruses were performed weekly in the study children, and children who tested positive for viruses were followed up for symptoms, recording their respiratory and other systemic symptoms. Generalized estimated equations (GEE) were used to calculate the probability of asymptomatic infection for different viruses. Results A total of 2 754 throat swab samples were collected from 104 children, identifying 231 cases of virus infection, with an average of 4.36 respiratory virus infections per person-year. The top three pathogens were influenza virus (1.63/person-year), human rhinovirus (1.46/person-year), and respiratory syncytial virus (0.64/person-year). Among the 231 virus infections, 104 presented with respiratory symptoms, with a density of 1.96/person-year. The top three viruses responsible for symptomatic cases were influenza virus (0.81/person-year), human rhinovirus (0.61/person-year), and respiratory syncytial virus (0.21/person-year). The primary symptoms of viral acute respiratory infections were cough (54.90%) and runny nose (41.18%). The proportion of asymptomatic infection was 54.98%, with respiratory syncytial virus showing a significantly higher likelihood of asymptomatic infection compared to other viruses (RR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.01-3.68). The probability of symptomatic infection of influenza virus was significantly higher than that of other viruses (RR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.16-3.55). Notably, 59.61% of children with viral acute respiratory infection did not receive any treatment. Conclusion Influenza virus, human rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus are the main pathogens of infection in kindergarten children. Asymptomatic and acute respiratory virus infections can be detected early through active surveillance, and vaccination and non-drug interventions can be subsequently adopted to implement precise prevention and control of viral respiratory infections in kindergartens.
Objective To understand the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 in Longgang District, Shenzhen City, in 2023, and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention of influenza A/H3N2 in the region. Methods Nucleic acid detection and virus isolation were conducted on throat swab samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) cases monitored by 5 sentinel hospitals and 233 school cluster epidemics in Longgang District in 2023. Based on the epidemic pattern of H3N2 positive samples in 2023, a total of 10 representative strains of influenza A virus (H3N2) were selected from four quarters of year for whole genome sequencing and protein structure prediction. Bioinformatics softwares, including FastTree, AlphaFold2, and NetNGlyc, were utilized to analyze genetic evolution characteristics and evaluate vaccine efficacy (VE). Results In 2023, 2 841 ILI samples were tested in the district, and positive rate of influenza A/H3N2 was 16% (461/2 841), which was dominant in the young and middle-aged influenza positive group (15-<55 years old). HA genes of the 10 selected viruses belonged to 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1b and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1, while NA genes belonged to B.2 and B.4.3. Among them, HA genes of 9 strains exhibited an evolutionary relationship distinct from that of NA genes, suggesting potential genetic reassortment. Mutations of A epitope N138D, B epitope I156K, and D epitope I208F were identified at HA antigenic sites, with VE (100%) values ranging from 74% to 84%. Glycosylation site analysis revealed that a total of 7 conserved sites with strong potential were located in HA and NA genes, including NST24-26, NGT38-40, NCT79-81, NVT181-183, NGS301-303, NIT61-63 and NGT234-236. No resistance mutation sites to oseltamivir were detected in NA sequences. Conclusion The H3N2 virus genomes in Longgang District underwent a branching evolution in 2023, which may lead to reduce vaccine efficacy due to antigenic drift. There is an urgent need for new broad-spectrum vaccines and prevention, control and publicity of influenza transmission should be strengthened in the district; meanwhile, it is essential to initiate the establishment of influenza A virus genome surveillance network to provide basic information of potential value for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of severe influenza.
Objective To investigate the resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs at drug-resistance surveillance sites in Hubei Province from 2018 to 2022, thereby providing a reference for developing tuberculosis epidemic prevention and control strategies. Methods Clinical isolates and related information from 1 083 culture-positive tuberculosis patients collected at Hubei surveillance sites between 2018 and 2022 were analyzed epidemiologically. Drug-susceptibility testing against isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), ethambutol (EMB), and streptomycin (SM) was performed by the proportion method on solid media, and the results were evaluated. Results No statistically significant differences in tuberculosis infection were found with respect to gender, age, place of residence, and occupation. Drug resistance rates to all four first-line drugs were lower in newly treated patients than in retreated patients. The resistance rates of any first-line anti-tuberculosis drug, from highest to lowest, were INH, SM, RFP, and EMB. The overall resistance rate among patients at the surveillance sites in Hubei Province was 14.40% (156/1 083); the monoresistance rate was 6.56% (71/1 083); the multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) rate was 3.32% (36/1 083); and the polyresistance rate was 4.52% (49/1 083). Among them, 85 isolates were resistant to at least one first-line anti-tuberculosis drug, encompassing 14 distinct resistance patterns, with INH + SM being the most common. Conclusions From 2018 to 2022, drug-resistant tuberculosis to first-line drugs at Hubei surveillance sites was concentrated in young and middle-aged adults, and resistance was lower in new cases than in retreatment cases. Therefore, continued expansion of drug resistance screening for early detection and diagnosis is essential to reduce the occurrence of drug-resistant patients, and at the same time, standardized treatment and rational drug use should be enforced to prevent further transmission and deterioration.
Vector Aedes mosquitoes can transmit a wide array of pathogens and therefore pose a serious threat to public health. Controlling Aedes mosquito population is an important way of interrupting the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Long-term large-scale use of chemical insecticides not only damages the environment and endangers human health, but also leads to insecticide resistance in wild mosquito populations, thereby increasing the challenges of mosquito control. To slow down the emergence of drug resistance and achieve sustainable, eco-friendly management, modern green control strategies regard the "human-environment-vector" system as an integrated whole, seeking to curb Aedes vectors effectively while simultaneously protecting human health and conserving ecological integrity. This review introduces the strategy of green governance from four perspectives: reducing environmental tolerance, controlling Aedes mosquito population through food-web manipulation and biotechnological measures, employing environmentally friendly insecticidal formulations, and enhancing resident education. It further discusses the latest research and application advancements in Aedes mosquito control, encompassing the incompatible insect technique, sterile insect technique, genetic engineering, microbial insecticides, and insect growth regulators. Green governance strategies for Aedes mosquito vectors are expected to provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation of mosquito-borne disease prevention and control programs.
Objective To analyze the molecular characteristics of a strain of Streptobacillus notomytis clinically isolated from a hospital in Sanya, thereby enhancing awareness of this bacterial species and providing a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of infections and diseases. Methods On March 1, 2024, Sanya People's Hospital admitted a patient with a patient with redness and swelling of the left hand skin, joint pain and limited mobility in both feet, and blisters on the dorsum of the right foot. Samples of purulent blood blister fluid were collected for isolation and culture of pathogenic bacteria. Gram staining microscopy, biochemical reaction identification, mass spectrometry identification, 16S rRNA sequencing, and in vitro drug susceptibility testing were sequentially carried out, and bacterial DNA was extracted for whole-genome sequencing and analysis. Results Microscopic examination of the isolated strain showed Gram-negative, irregular bacilli with an elongated shape (resembling L-form bacteria). Biochemical reactions and mass spectrometry failed to identify the organism, whereas 16S rRNA sequencing identified it as Streptobacillus notomytis. Broth microdilution yielded no results because the control wells showed no growth. E-test method showed that low MIC values for multiple antimicrobials, while the analysis of drug resistance genes showed that this bacterium carried multiple drug resistance genes. Whole-genome analysis results showed an average nucleotide identity of 99.20% with the reference strain S. notomytis AHl 370-1. Conclusion This study provides the first description of the molecular characteristics of a Streptobacillus notomytis isolate recovered in China, providing laboratory reference data for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of infections and diseases caused by this bacterium, which will help in the precise treatment, prevention, and control of diseases.
