Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) patients in Lujiang County, Anhui Province, and explore the factors influencing their recurrence within 5 years, this study will provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies for TB recurrence in local patients. Methods Data for this study were sourced from the "Tuberculosis Management Information System", a subsystem of "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System". Case information on newly diagnosed TB patients was extracted from 2013 to 2020, with patients who had been followed up for at least 5 years selected as the study subjects. A total of 7 923 patients were included, and basic demographic information, diagnosis and treatment information were collected, the dependent variable was "recurrence within 5 years". Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to describe the general characteristics of the patients, and univariate analysis was used to screen potential factors influencing recurrence within 5 years. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent factors affecting recurrence within 5 years. Results Among the 7 923 newly diagnosed TB patients, 551 (7.0%) relapsed within 5 years, with the primary initial treatment regimen being 2HRZE/4HR (5 101 cases, 64.4%) [Drug abbreviations: isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E)]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, dietary habits, population classification, patient diagnosis type, initial treatment regimen, and concurrent tuberculous pleurisy were independent factors influencing recurrence within 5 years in newly diagnosed TB patients. Vegetarian diet and concurrent tuberculous pleurisy were risk factors for recurrence; student/teacher/medical staff/cadre staff, retired personnel, service personnel, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, adoption of 2HRZE/10HRE regimen, and 2HRZE/7-10HRE regimen were protective factors against recurrence (P<0.05). Conclusion Considering implementing nutritional intervention for high-risk populations, strengthening follow-up management for patients with pleurisy, and optimizing treatment options may help reduce the risk of long-term recurrence.

Objective To characterize the seroprevalence of IgM antibodies against eight common respiratory pathogens and delineate their epidemiological features among patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) at a tertiary care hospital in Taiyuan. Methods A single-center, retrospective observational study was conducted. We included 26,148 first-time test records from outpatients, emergency cases, and inpatients with RTIs between January 2015 and February 2025. Serum samples were analyzed for IgM antibodies against adenovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, influenza A and B viruses, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Differences across year, month, age and sex were compared. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were fitted with overall positivity and pathogen-specific IgM positivity as dependent variables.The ordered yearly trend of overall positivity was assessed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Joint effects of sex and age group were evaluated using logistic regression models with interaction terms. Monthly patterns were visualized by heatmaps and interpreted as seasonal distributions, and correlations were assessed by Spearman rank analysis.Results The overall IgM seropositivity rate for the eight pathogens was 49.11% (12,840/26,148), consisting of 20.89% (5,462/26,148) single infections and 28.22% (7,378/26,148) co-infections. The specific positivity rates were ranked as follows: influenza B virus (34.33%), influenza A virus (29.16%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (12.04%), Legionella pneumophila (5.99%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (2.38%), parainfluenza virus (1.56%), respiratory syncytial virus (0.85%), and adenovirus (0.69%). Significant differences were observed across years ( χ2 for trend=2,965.807, P<0.001), with the positivity rate peaking in 2024 and being lowest in 2016. Positivity rates for individual pathogens also differed significantly across years (P<0.05). Differences between months were statistically significant (Wald χ2=326.829, P<0.001), with November showing the highest positivity rate (58.95%) and May the lowest (40.37%).The overall positivity rate differed significantly across age groups (Wald χ2=1,078.489, P<0.001), being lowest in infants (<1 year, 8.19%) and highest in children aged 6-14 years (68.74%), followed by those aged 15-24 years (63.97%) and then children aged 3-5 years (60.79%). Females had a higher overall positivity rate than males (51.87% vs. 46.64%, Wald χ2=50.894, P<0.001).Conclusion Patients with respiratory infections in the Taiyuan region exhibited a generally high overall positivity rate for IgM antibodies, with a notable proportion of compound-positive cases. The predominant pathogens were influenza B and A viruses.Significant differences were observed in terms of year, month, age, and gender, indicating the need to implement preventive measures targeting high-risk periods for infection (November–December) and key populations.The findings are more suitable for sero-epidemiological surveillance , and caution is needed when extrapolating to all respiratory tract infection patients.

Objective  To isolate viruses from human H9N2 infection cases and concurrent environmental positive samples in Shiyan City in 2024, conduct whole-genome sequencing and analysis, evaluate the cross-species transmission risk of the virus, and provide evidence for local prevention and control.Methods  Whole-genome next-generation sequencing was carried out on one human-derived strain and four environmental strains. Phylogenetic analysis, homology analysis, key amino acid mutation analysis of the HA/NA genes, as well as temporal divergence and population dynamics analysis of the HA gene, were conducted. Results  All five strains belonged to the H9N2 Beijing/1/94 lineage. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies of the HA gene were 98.25%-99.87% and 99.03%-100%, respectively; for the NA gene of the three strains, the nucleotide and amino acid homologies were 99.57%-99.93% and 99.57%-100%, respectively. Analysis showed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the HA gene of 201 H9N2 strains circulating in China from 2020 to 2025 was 1982.74, with an evolutionary rate of 4.11×10⁻⊃3; substitutions/site/year (95% confidence interval: 3.695×10⁻⊃3;–4.537×10⁻⊃3;); the divergence time of the HA gene of the current strains was 2021.61. Population dynamics analysis revealed a stable population size from 1982 to 2015, followed by a gradual increase after 2015, an explosive growth in 2022, a peak in 2023, and a rapid decline thereafter. The HA cleavage site motif was PSRSSR↓GLF in all strains (low-pathogenicity feature). Mutations in the receptor-binding domain included S158N/D, S/F/A160N, H183N, E190V, Q226L, and Q227M. Compared with classic reference strains, the 105NGT and 218NRT sites were deleted, while a new 313NCS site was added, resulting in a total of seven conserved potential N-glycosylation sites. Three strains showed a deletion of TEI at positions 63–65 in the NA protein stalk, and mutations K368N and D369S in the erythrocyte-binding site; no mutations were found at neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir and zanamivir) resistance sites.Conclusion This human infection originated from exposure in live poultry markets. The circulating strains have acquired key mutations that enhance human-type receptor binding ability, showing significant genetic evolution. It is recommended to strengthen routine surveillance and disinfection of live poultry markets, continuously conduct whole-genome monitoring of human and environmental strains, closely track mutations and drug resistance dynamics, and provide timely early warnings.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of 46 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from clinical cases, associated family members, and food sources in Hainan Province during 2020–2025; to clarify their antimicrobial resistance, genomic features, and potential traceability relationships; and to provide data support for surveillance and source tracing of listeriosis in Hainan Province. Methods A total of 46 L. monocytogenes isolates collected from 2020 to 2025 were included, comprising 13 isolates from clinical patients, 4 isolates from patients’ family members, and 29 foodborne isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for all isolates, and their epidemiological characteristics were systematically analyzed. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict serogroups and sequence types, screen virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and conduct single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, so as to reveal the population structure and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the isolates. Results From 2020 to 2025, a total of 13 listeriosis cases were reported in Hainan Province, with a hospitalization rate of 100% and a case-fatality rate of 53.85%. Patients aged over 60 years accounted for 38.46% of the cases. The main clinical manifestation was bacteremia/septicemia (61.54%), followed by intrauterine infection (23.08%). Fever was the most common symptom (92.31%), and blood and cerebrospinal fluid were the main clinical specimens. Among all food-borne isolates, poultry meat was the most common source, followed by edible fungi and aquatic products. Among the 46 isolates, one foodborne isolate showed dual resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, one clinical isolate showed intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, and the remaining isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Whole-genome analysis of the 46 isolates showed that 15 isolates belonged to lineage I, among which clinical isolates accounted for 53.33%, while 30 isolates belonged to lineage II, among which food-borne isolates accounted for 70.00%. A total of 19 sequence types were identified, including one novel sequence type assigned to clonal complex 7, and these isolates were classified into 15 clonal complexes. Serogroup IIa was predominant, accounting for 54.35% of the isolates. All isolates carried LIPI-1; 6 isolates carried LIPI-3, 6 carried LIPI-4, 27 carried SSI-1, and 5 carried SSI-2. Two ST87 isolates carried the antimicrobial resistance genes msrD, mefA, and tetM. ST8 and ST87 were the predominant sequence types, both of which were detected in food-borne and clinical isolates. Isolates from Haikou City covered most of the identified sequence types. SNP analysis showed no SNP differences among four isolates from maternal-neonatal vertically transmitted infection cases. Only 3 SNPs differed between one ST8 clinical isolate and one ST8 foodborne isolate, and only 1 SNP differed between one ST87 clinical isolate and one ST87 foodborne isolate from the same year, indicating high genetic relatedness; however, direct epidemiological contact evidence was lacking in all instances. Conclusion Although the number of reported listeriosis cases in Hainan Province was limited, the case-fatality rate was high, and the proportion of patients aged over 60 years was notable. Poultry meat was the food category with the highest contamination rate. ST8 and ST87 were the predominant sequence types in food-borne and clinical isolates, respectively. It is suggested that relevant regulatory authorities should strengthen the whole chain monitoring of high-contamination foods such as poultry meat, and health authorities should strengthen the traceability of ST8, ST87 and other key types. This study elucidates the epidemiological and genomic characteristics of L. monocytogenes in Hainan Province, provides baseline data for establishing and improving surveillance systems for food contamination and listeriosis, and offers important reference value for the precise prevention and control of listeriosis.

almonella can be classified into two types: typhoidal Salmonella and non-typhoidal Salmonella. The former primarily causes invasive infections, whereas the latter often leads to self-limited diarrhea, with a small proportion of patients developing disseminated extraintestinal infections. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infection typically presents as a nonspecific febrile illness rather than gastrointestinal symptoms, is associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared to noninvasive infections, and is difficult to differentiate from other causes of febrile illnesses. Infection caused by invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella is emerging as a new global health burden. This article analyzes the disease characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment course, and laboratory findings of two cases of multisystem infection caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella, aiming to provide therapeutic experience for the clinical management of such infections. Epidemiological data, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic regimens of the two cases were collected and analyzed with reference to the literature. The data indicated that neither patient had a clear history of unclean food intake. Despite different modes of disease onset, both patients were ultimately diagnosed with disseminated Salmonella infection based on clinical manifestations and ancillary examinations. During treatment, effective therapeutic regimens were selected according to the extent of multisystem involvement and patients'drug tolerance, and the patients achieved favorable prognoses. Salmonella antimicrobial resistance is climbing year by year, posing challenges to clinical practice. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial determinants of disease outcomes.

Objective  To analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and trends of echinococcosis incidence in Xinjiang, providing reference for its prevention and control. Methods  Based on the reported incidence of echinococcosis in counties, cities (prefectures), and districts of Xinjiang from 2005 to 2024, the time trends were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. The period from 2005 to 2024 was divided into multiple study phases using annual percentage change (APC) and turning points. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was employed to explore the spatial clustering of echinococcosis outbreaks in Xinjiang. Kriging interpolation technology was utilized to predict spatiotemporal distribution hotspots. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis was conducted using SaTScan software, and the results were visualized with ArcGIS 10.8 software. Results  The average incidence rates of echinococcosis in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2024 varied across seasons (F=5.853, P=0.001),with winter and spring being the main seasons for incidence. The Joinpoint regression model analysis revealed that the reported incidence rates of echinococcosis in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2024 showed an initial upward trend followed by a decline. Global spatial autocorrelation indicated significant global positive spatial correlation in case distribution, with Moran's I ranging from 0.165 to 0.227 (all P<0.001). Local autocorrelation showed that the "high-high" clustering areas and hotspots from 2005 to 2024 were concentrated in the western counties of northern Xinjiang. The Kriging interpolation revealed that the western counties of northern Xinjiang remain high-risk areas for echinococcosis (incidence rate>81.733/100 000), while the southern regions exhibit generally lower incidence rates. Temporal-spatial scanning identified 10 significant spatiotemporal aggregation zones, demonstrating statistical significance (allP<0.05) in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Conclusion:  From 2005 to 2024, echinococcosis in Xinjiang exhibited pronounced spatiotemporal aggregation. The incidence rate showed an upward trend before 2017, peaked in 2017, and subsequently declined annually with localized fluctuations. High-risk areas are concentrated in the western part of northern Xinjiang, with Bortala Prefecture and Yili Prefecture being key regions for prevention and control. Strengthened surveillance in these priority areas is recommended.

Abstract: Objective    This study aims to investigate the clinical and immunological characteristics affecting lung injury in patients with previously untreated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to identify independent indicators related to lung injury. Methods    Patients with previously untreated pulmonary TB were divided into mild and severe lung injury groups according to structural destructive changes on chest imaging. Clinical data, laboratory examinations, and flow cytometry results were collected. Chi-square test and Mann‑Whitney test were used for univariate intergroup comparisons. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was further performed to adjust for confounding factors and screen independent correlated factors for lung injury severity. Results    Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of TB patients complicated with other pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, and positive sputum bacteriology was significantly higher in the severe lung injury group than in the mild group. The levels of peripheral blood C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet (PLT), and absolute monocyte count (MONO#) were significantly elevated; lymphocyte percentage (LYM%) was decreased; the proportion of granzyme B⁺ NK cells showed a significant difference compared with the mild group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that being complicated with other pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, positive bacteriology, and PLT count were independent correlated factors for lung injury severity (P<0.05). After adjusting for the above confounding factors, the correlations of CRP, LYM%, MONO#, and granzyme B⁺ NK cell percentage with lung injury severity were no longer statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion    The lung injury severity in patients with previously untreated pulmonary TB is closely associated with being complicated by other pulmonary diseases, having diabetes mellitus, exhibiting positive sputum bacteriology, and PLT levels; these metrics can serve as independent indicators for evaluating lung injury severity. The correlations of CRP, LYM%, MONO#, and granzyme B⁺ NK cells may be affected by confounding factors, thus lacking independent evaluation value.

Abstract: Objective   To investigate characteristics of whole-genome and mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic relationships of Biomphalaria straminea in Shenzhen, this study provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control of S. mansoni. Methods   Thirty B. straminea snails were collected from agricultural areas in Longgang and Pingshan districts, Shenzhen, from August to December, 2023. Whole-genome resequencing and mitochondrial genome assembly were performed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (Indels), and structural variations (SVs), followed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The 16S rDNA sequence was amplified, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Results   Multiple types of genomic variations, including SNPs and Indels, were identified, along with significant chromosomal translocations. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these variations were predominantly enriched in cellular localization, substance transport functions, and pathways such as glutamatergic synapse, cell cycle, and Hippo/Notch signaling. The mitochondrial genome exhibited a circular structure, with a codon usage bias toward TTA. The ND4, ND2, and ND6 genes were under positive selection, whereas ND1, cytochrome b (CYTB), cytochrome oxidase subunit genes COX1 and COX3 were under purifying selection. Overall nucleotide diversity was low, with the highest levels observed in the COX1 and ND2 genes. The 16S rDNA sequences showed high homology, and the strains clustered with Brazilian strains in phylogenetic analysis, confirming their South American origin. Conclusion   There is a close phylogenetic relationship between B. straminea from Shenzhen, China and B. straminea Brazil. Genome-wide associated variants were predominantly significantly enriched in functions related to cellular localization and substance transport, as well as in neuroplasticity and developmental pathways such as the glutamatergic synapse and Hippo/Notch signaling pathways. The mitochondrial genes ND4, ND2, and ND6 displayed strong positive selection signals (Ka/Ks > 1), suggesting adaptive adjustments in oxidative phosphorylation-related metabolism.

Abstract:  Objective    To understand the phylogenetic characteristics of Norovirus (NoV)and the gut microbiota features in pediatric patients in Anhui Province from 2023 to 2024,so as to provide a theoretical basis for exploring microbiota targeted intervention strategies for NoV prevention and control. Methods    Samples were collected from diarrhea surveillance sentinel hospitals during 2023–2024. NoV nucleic acid was extracted and subjected to whole-genome sequencing; 30 positive samples with a Ct value <30 were selected as the NoV infection group (NoV group), and 15 fecal samples from healthy children were included as the control group (HC group). Structural and functional alterations in the gut microbiota of the NoV group were characterized and compared with those of the HC group using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results    Dual-gene genotyping indicated that the samples contained two major genogroups, GI and GII, among which GI.7[P7] (40.0%) and GII.4[P16] (26.7%) were the predominant infection types. Furthermore, the various genotypic strains exhibited close genetic relatedness to isolates from the United States, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Guangdong. Gut microbiota diversity analysis showed that α-diversity significantly decreased and β-diversity significantly deviated from the healthy state in the NoV group, reflecting reduced intra-community diversity and altered inter-group community structure, respectively. Among the differential genera, only the genus Dorea was significantly enriched in the NoV group, while various potential short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Veillonella, and Anaerostipes, showed a significant reduction. Functional prediction analysis indicated that in the NoV group, the relative abundances of functional genes associated with substance transmembrane transport, DNA repair, carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and antioxidant stress response were significantly upregulated, while those related to iron acquisition were significantly downregulated. In the correlation analysis between genotypes and microbiota differences, the microbiota structures of different genotype groups were significantly separated, with obvious differences between GI.7[P7] and GII-related genotypes, and the differential microbiota were still dominated by Dorea and various potential SCFA-producing bacteria. Conclusion    Among the 30 children with NoV infection, GI.7[P7] and GII.4[P16] were predominant. The local circulating strains were closely related to those reported both domestically and internationally, suggesting that they are more likely represent the sustained transmission of existing epidemic lineages in this region or transmission following importation. Compared with healthy children, NoV infection is closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, manifested as decreased diversity and evenness, a reduction in potential SCFA-producing bacteria, and shifts in certain metabolic pathways. These findings further suggest that different NoV genotypes may differentially influence the patterns of microbiota alterations, providing a basis for understanding NoV-associated intestinal microecological disturbances and their potential intervention targets.

Abstract: Objective    To establish a single-tube duplex recombinase-aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification (RAA) assay for the simultaneous detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium. We also evaluated its analytical sensitivity and specificity to support rapid field detection of these two pathogens in drinking water. Methods    Conserved regions of the Giardia lamblia rRNA tandem repeat unit gene and the Cryptosporidium cowp gene were selected as target sequences. Specific primers and fluorescent probes were designed, and a dual-channel single-tube assay was developed. Competitive performance was assessed using mixtures of the two target plasmids at different concentration combinations. Specificity was evaluated with genomic DNA from Clonorchis sinensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Spirometra mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Necator americanus, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis. Sensitivity was assessed using serially diluted recombinant plasmids, genomic DNA from the two target parasites, and DNA extracted from varying numbers of cysts/oocysts. Results    The optimal primer/probe sets were GIA-F3/R1/P2 for Giardia lamblia and CRY-F2/R1/P1 for Cryptosporidium. The optimal primer/probe volumes were 0.95 μL (10 mmol/L) each for the forward and reverse primers and 0.55 μL (10 mmol/L) for the probe of Giardia lamblia. For Cryptosporidium, the optimal volumes were 1.55 μL (10 mmol/L) each for the forward and reverse primers and 0.55 μL (10 mmol/L) for the probe. The optimal Mg⊃2;⁺ input was 7.5 μL magnesium acetate (280 mmol/L). The optimal reaction condition was 39 ℃ for 20 min. Under these conditions, both targets were amplified simultaneously in a single tube, while the negative control showed no amplification. In the competition assay, a high-concentration target (200 copies/μL) did not inhibit amplification of the other target at a low concentration (20 copies/μL). Specificity testing showed positive signals only for the target pathogens. All non-target parasitic DNA samples were negative. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1 copy/μL for both targets when recombinant plasmids were used as templates. When genomic DNA was used, the LOD was 0.001 ng/μL. When DNA extracted from different numbers of cysts/oocysts was used, the LODs were 5 cysts/100 μL for Giardia lamblia and 5 oocysts/100 μL for Cryptosporidium. Conclusion    A single-tube duplex fluorescent RAA assay for the simultaneous detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium was successfully established. The assay demonstrated rapid reaction kinetics, high sensitivity, strong specificity, and stable dual-target amplification, providing a methodological basis for the development of a rapid nucleic acid detection platform for these two pathogens in drinking water. 

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the distribution characteristics and pathogen carrying situation of free-living tick in Hefei , this study will provide a reference basis for the prevention and control tick-borne diseases. Methods　In May and October 2025, free-living ticks were collected from 90 sampling sites using the flagging method in Hefei, and morphological identification was performed using a stereomicroscope. The carriage of Bandavirus dabieense (DBV), Coxiella burnetii (Cb), Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), Spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (APH), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis(E. chaffeensis) were detected in ticks using real-time fluorescent PCR technology. Descriptive statistics such as tick density, composition ratio, and positive tube rate were used, and statistical analysis was performed using t- tests, rank-sum tests,  tests and others. Results　A total of 3 885 ticks were captured, of which 3 673 were Haemaphysalis longicornis, accounted for 94.54%. The total tick density in May [2.389/(flag·100 m)] was lower than that in October [3.269/(flag·100 m)], and the difference was statistically significant (H=3.043, P=0.002). The tick density in different regions from high to low were as follows: Changfeng [3.257/(flag·100 m)], Feidong[2.972/(flag·100 m)], Lujiang [2.963/(flag·100 m)], Chaohu [2.797/(flag·100 m)], Main Urban Area [2.400/(flag·100 m)], Feixi [2.368/(flag·100 m)], with no statistically significant difference (H=6.265, P=0.281). Tick density in different habitat from high to low were as follows: scenic areas [3.136/(flag·100 m)], forest land [2.869/ (flag·100 m)], farmlands [2.713/(flag·100 m)], barren grassland [2.512/(flag·100 m)], and the difference was statistically significant (H=5.575, P=0.134). Etiological detection of 572 ticks showed that, the positive tube rate for SFGR, DBV, Cb and Bb were 47.03%(269/572), 0.70%(4/572), 0.52%(3/572) and 0.35%(2/572), respectively. APH and E.chaffeensis were not detected. Conclusion　H. longicornis is the dominant tick species in Hefei, with higher densities in scenic areas and forest land, carrying pathogens such as DBV, Cb, and Bb, among which SFGR has a high carrying rate. It is recommended to strengthen comprehensive prevention and control measures such as environmental sanitation, vector control, and public health education in areas with high tick density, and to enhance prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.

Abstract: Objective　An outbreak of cutaneous anthrax occurred in Yuanmou County in 2024. This study aimed to systematically analyze its aetiology, transmission chain and risk factors to provide a scientific basis for formulating precise and efficient prevention and control strategies. Methods　The study was carried out by the combination of field epidemiological investigation and laboratory detection. Case interviews were conducted to trace onset time, clinical symptom progression, exposure history and close contact information; All close contacts and co-exposed individuals were comprehensively traced to assess risk of infection; The source investigation of the dead animals was carried out to clarify its origin, breeding, onset and disposal; Environmental exposure assessment was carried out to identify high-risk exposure areas. Blood from the case and co-butchers, lesion exudate of the case, dead cow samples (beef, bovine blood water, etc.), and environmental soil samples were collected for combined detection of Bacillus anthracis nucleic acid, antigen, antibody and isolation culture. Comprehensive interventions such as case isolation, contact management, key area disinfection, were implemented, according to Technical Specifications for Anthrax Prevention and Control.Results　The infection source of this cutaneous anthrax outbreak was a dead diseased cow, with 1 confirmed case was reported. A total of 25 specimens were collected, of which 9 samples were tested for Bacillus anthracis nucleic acid, antigen and antibody, and 2 samples were detected for positive, and 1 strain of Bacillus anthracis was isolated from the 25 samples. Epidemic-related bovine products were harmlessly disposed by incineration and deep burial; key areas such as butchering site, cattle pen, abandoned water cellar, patient's residence, were fully disinfected. No new cases were found during 14-day health monitoring of co-exposed individuals. Conclusion　This was a sporadic cutaneous anthrax case caused by unprotected butchering and consumption of an anthrax-dead cattle. Standardized comprehensive prevention and control measures (source control, case treatment, contact management, environmental disinfection) effectively blocked epidemic transmission, confirming their pertinence and effectiveness. In the future, animal quarantine and health education should be strengthened to eliminate the risk of similar exposure.

Abstract： Objective　This study aims to evaluate the consistency of AIMTB, a novel IGRA based on fluorescence immunochromatography, with the currently widely recognized method QuantiFERON-TB Gold plus (QFT-plus) in diabetic patients, and to provide an efficient and suitable solution for active tuberculosis screening in this population. Methods　A cross-sectional study designed was conducted, patients with diabetes through the National Basic Public Health Services platform were selected as the research subjects. General information, diabetes duration, fasting blood glucose level and other data were collected. Venous blood samples were collected simultaneously, and AIMTB and QFT-plus were used to detect tuberculosis infection respectively. Furthermore, the consistency was observed after stratification by diabetes duration and fasting blood glucose levels. Results　A total of 191 diabetic patients were enrolled, after excluding 3 patients with inactive pulmonary tuberculosis, 188 patients were finally included, among whom 100 were males and 88 were females. Patients aged over 60 years accounted for 92.55% (174/188). After excluding 2 cases with indeterminate results, the consistency analysis showed that the overall agreement rate was 95.16% (Kappa=0.84, 95%CI: 0.73-0.94) between AIMTB and QFT-plus. Stratified by diabetes duration <5 years and ≥5 years, the consistency rates were 95.83% (Kappa=0.84, 95%CI: 0.70-0.97) and 94.44%(Kappa=0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-0.99), respectively. After stratification by fasting blood glucose level ≤7.0 mmol/L and >7.0 mmol/L, the agreement rates were 93.44% (Kappa=0.78, 95%CI: 0.57-0.98) and 96.00% (Kappa=0.87, 95%CI: 0.75-0.98), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in γ-interferon levels among the groups (P<0.05). Conclusion　AIMTB demonstrates good agreement with QFT-plus for detecting TB infection in diabetic patients, and this consistency is not affected by diabetes duration or fasting blood glucose levels, showing superior stability. Considering the advantages of AIMTB such as low cost and simple operation, it can be considered as one of the preferred methods for screening tuberculosis infection among diabetic patients in primary medical institutions.

Abstract: Objective　To establish a single-tube PCR assay based on multicolor melting curve analysis (MeltPlus MTBDR) for the simultaneous detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), and this study aims to evaluate its analytical performance and clinical applicability. Methods　A one-tube MeltPlus MTBDR assay was developed using multicolor melting curve technology. The assay combines multiplex asymmetric PCR with melting temperature (Tm) discrimination across different fluorescence channels to enable simultaneous detection of MTBC and RIF- and INH-associated resistance genes. The upper limit of detection and specificity were evaluated using reference strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respiratory specimens were collected from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis and tested using acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy, liquid culture, GeneXpert MTB/RIF, and MeltPlus MTBDR. Liquid culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing were used as reference standards, the sensitivity, specificity, and consistency of each detection method were analyzed. Results　The detection limits of MeltPlus MTBDR assay for MTBC, RIF, and INH targets were approximately 65 CFU/mL, 684 CFU/mL, and 783 CFU/mL, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with non-tuberculous mycobacteria or other common respiratory pathogens, indicating high analytical specificity. Using liquid culture as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of MeltPlus MTBDR for MTBC detection were 97.06% and 79.21%, respectively, which were highly consistent with the culture results (Kappa=0.763). Compared with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing, the sensitivities of RIF and INH resistance detection were 96.15% and 93.75%, respectively, and the specificities were 99.39% and 98.11%, respectively. Conclusions　The one-tube PCR-based multicolor melting curve MeltPlus MTBDR assay enables simultaneous detection of MTBC and RIF- and INH-associated resistance genes in a single reaction. The assay demonstrates high sensitivity, good specificity, and high consistency with reference methods. As it can be performed on conventional real-time PCR platforms, this assay represents a useful supplementary tool for the rapid molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis 

Abstract: Objective    This study aimed to analyze the infection status and temporal trends of brucellosis in livestock and high-risk populations in the Altun Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau from 2020 to 2025, and to explore the dynamic relationship between human and animal infection risks in the context of agricultural intensification. Methods    High-risk populations participating in brucellosis surveillance from 2020 to 2025 were included in this study. Serum antibodies were detected using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and the Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). Temporal trend analysis, comparisons before and after agricultural intensification, and occupational stratification analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in infection risk. Concurrently, local animal brucellosis surveillance data were collected, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the associations between infection levels in livestock and seropositivity rates across different human population groups. Results    A total of 1 194 serum samples were collected from high-risk populations. The overall seropositivity rate for brucellosis during the study period was 4.44% (53/1,194). From 2020 to 2025, the seropositivity rate showed a significant increasing trend (Cochran–Armitage trend test: Z = 4.828, P < 0.001), reaching a peak in 2022 at 8.17% and subsequently fluctuating within the range of 3% and 6%. Nationally, the number of reported brucellosis cases during the same period also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Logistic regression analysis with interaction terms showed that the farming model had a moderating effect on the relationship between sheep infection rates and human infection risk (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.62–0.98). Following the commencement of large-scale livestock enterprise operations in 2023, no statistically significant change was observed in the overall seropositivity rate. However, occupational stratification analysis revealed that the seropositivity rate among traditional livestock farmers (7.58%, 26/343) was significantly higher than that among employees of intensive livestock enterprises (2.71%, 6/221) (χ⊃2; = 5.070, P = 0.024). Conclusion    The risk of Brucella infection in the Altun Mountains region fluctuates in a pattern consistent with the national epidemic rhythm, and livestock infection levels are more closely associated with the infection risk in populations engaged in traditional farming practices. Differences in livestock production patterns may influence exposure structures. It is recommended that, alongside the promotion of livestock industry transformation, continuous surveillance and targeted interventions for high-risk populations in traditional farming be strengthened; however, the long-term effects of such measures require further validation through extended follow-up studies.

Abstract   Objective    To establish a multiplex PCR system targeting species-specific genes of six clinically prevalent pathogenic Mycobacterium species, and to verify its amplification specificity and effectiveness in reference strains and clinical isolates, thereby laying an experimental foundation for the development of molecular diagnostic products for Mycobacterium species identification. Methods    Genomic DNA was conventionally extracted from six clinically common Mycobacterium reference strains (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium fortuitum) and two other common pathogenic bacterial standard strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). Four genes, including 16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB, and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS), were selected as the target genes. Species-specific primers were designed using Primer Premier 5.0 software. A multiplex PCR assay incorporating all four target genes was optimized and established using the reference strains, and subsequently validated across the six target strains and two common pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) to assess specificity. The system was then applied to 48 clinical isolates obtained from Beijing Chest Hospital. All amplified products were sequenced for confirmation, and the successful amplification rates were calculated to evaluate the performance of this panel. Results    A quadruplex PCR system targeting the 16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB, and 16S–23S ITS genes was successfully established for the six most clinically common Mycobacterium reference strains, achieving 100% amplification efficiency. No amplification was detected in the two non-target control strains or the negative control, and subsequent sequencing enabled unambiguous differentiation of all six Mycobacterium species. Furthermore, among the 48 DNA templates extracted from clinical Mycobacterium isolates, all four expected bands were successfully amplified in all samples, with an amplification success rate of 100% (48/48). Sequencing of the amplification products further confirmed accurate discrimination of the six Mycobacterium species. Conclusion    A multiplex PCR system targeting species identification genes of Mycobacterium was established in this study, enabling simultaneous and specific amplification of four target genes used for species identification. The system demonstrated reliable amplification performance for both reference strains and clinical isolates of six clinically common pathogenic Mycobacterium species, providing important technical support for rapid Mycobacterium species identification and the development of related molecular diagnostic technologies.

Vaccination is one of the public health interventions currently used to reduce the disease burden associated with respiratory viral infections. Using influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 as representative examples, this article reviews research advances in the epidemiological characteristics, disease burden, lineage replacement, and adaptive evolution of respiratory viruses in the context of vaccination. It further discusses the implications of vaccination strategies for mitigating viral transmission. Influenza and COVID-19 vaccines can significantly reduce the risks of infection, severe illness, hospitalization, and death. However, their effectiveness in preventing infection and inducing durable immune protection is influenced by viral antigenic drift, immune escape, prior infection history, vaccine-strain matching, age, and other factors. Vaccination not only directly reduces the associated disease burden but may also shape viral evolutionary trajectories by altering the population immunity landscape arising from both vaccination and natural infection. Further efforts to optimize immunization programs, advance the development of broadly protective and mucosal vaccines, and improve equitable global access to vaccines will help inform long-term strategies for the prevention and control of respiratory viral infections.

Objective To systematically describe the epidemiological trend and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Qinghai Province, providing a reference for TB prevention and control. Methods Reported incidence data of bacteriologically positive PTB cases in Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2024 were extracted from the infectious disease surveillance module of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of the reported incidence rate. Spatial autocorrelation analyses along from 2020 to 2024. Second-level clusters (2 clusters) covered 10 counties/districts. One secondary cluster encompassed the entire Huangnan Prefecture, as well as Xunhua, Hualong, Minhe, and Ping'an District in Haidong City, and Guinan and Guide Counties in Hainan Prefecture, spanning from 2020 to 2024. The other secondary cluster was located in Maduo County of Golog Prefecture, spanning from 2015 to 2018. Third-level clusters (5 clusters) were distributed across parts of Golog, Huangnan, Hainan, Yushu, Haibei, and Haixi Prefectures, covering a total of 16 counties/districts, with cluster times spanning various years. Conclusions The reported incidence rate of bacteriologically positive PTB in Qinghai Province showed a significant increasing trend, with obvious spatial clustering and regional disparities. Clusters were mainly distributed in Yushu and Golog Prefectures in southern Qinghai, as well as parts of Haixi, Hainan, and Huangnan Prefectures. It is necessary to strengthen active screening among key populations in southern Qinghai, ensure comprehensive case management, continue to improve bacteriological detection capacity, vigorously conduct TB health education, and gradually reduce TB incidence. with spatiotemporal scan analysis were employed to explore spatial clustering. Results From 2015 to 2024, a total of 20 198 bacteriologically positive PTB cases were reported in Qinghai Province, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 33.95 per 100 000 The reported incidence rate showed a significant upward trend (AAPC=9.99%, 95%CI: 5.02%~15.20%, P=0.001). Global spatial autocorrelation results indicated that Moran's I values for each year ranged from 0.062 to 0.584. With the exception of 2015, the values from 2016 to 2024 were statistically significant (P<0.05), demonstrating a spatially clustered distribution. Local spatial autocorrelation results revealed an uneven distribution of the reported incidence rate across Qinghai Province from 2015 to 2024. High-high clusters were identified in each year, primarily concentrated in related counties/cities of Yushu Prefecture and Golog Prefecture in southern Qinghai. Spatiotemporal scan analysis detected a total of 8 statistically significant spatiotemporal clusters (all P<0.05), categorized into three classes. The first-level cluster (1 cluster) covered 15 counties/cities, including the entire areas of Yushu and Golog Prefectures, Xinghai and Tongde Counties in Hainan Prefecture, and Dulan County in Haixi Prefecture, spanning from 2020 to 2024. Second-level clusters (2 clusters) covered 10 counties/districts. One secondary cluster encompassed the entire Huangnan Prefecture, as well as Xunhua, Hualong, Minhe, and Ping'an District in Haidong City, and Guinan and Guide Counties in Hainan Prefecture, spanning from 2020 to 2024. The other secondary cluster was located in Maduo County of Golog Prefecture, spanning from 2015 to 2018. Third-level clusters (5 clusters) were distributed across parts of Golog, Huangnan, Hainan, Yushu, Haibei, and Haixi Prefectures, covering a total of 16 counties/districts, with cluster times spanning various years. Conclusions The reported incidence rate of bacteriologically positive PTB in Qinghai Province showed a significant increasing trend, with obvious spatial clustering and regional disparities. Clusters were mainly distributed in Yushu and Golog Prefectures in southern Qinghai, as well as parts of Haixi, Hainan, and Huangnan Prefectures. It is necessary to strengthen active screening among key populations in southern Qinghai, ensure comprehensive case management, continue to improve bacteriological detection capacity, vigorously conduct TB health education, and gradually reduce TB incidence.

The role of antiviral therapy in influenza now extends beyond shortening symptom duration to the early identification of high-risk patients, reduction of the risk of disease progression, antiviral resistance surveillance, and mitigation of transmission risk. Recent guidelines, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and antiviral susceptibility surveillance indicate that neuraminidase inhibitors remain the mainstay of treatment. Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors targeting the polymerase acidic protein can be used for the early treatment of non-severe influenza and for post-exposure prophylaxis; however, the overall benefit of their routine combination with neuraminidase inhibitors in hospitalized patients with severe influenza has not been established. The detection of resistance-associated substitutions alone should not be regarded as evidence of treatment failure or as an indication to switch therapy. Such findings should be interpreted together with viral load, duration of viral shedding, immune status, clinical progression, and transmission risk. Influenza treatment should move beyond comparisons between drug classes toward dynamic management guided by virological feedback. Rapid testing and risk stratification should inform treatment initiation, whereas virological reassessment and resistance monitoring should guide treatment duration and regimen adjustment, with public health measures implemented when warranted.

Objective    To investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genomic characteristics of Campylobacter isolates from human and poultry in Hongkou District, Shanghai. Methods    Fecal samples from diarrheal patients in sentinel hospitals and retail poultry meat samples in Hongkou District were collected for Campylobacter detection from 2023 to 2024. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance to 11 antimicrobial compounds. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to analyze the carriage of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and conduct multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The baseline characteristics and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes between the sequenced and unsequenced isolates were compared. Results    A total of 376 diarrheal samples were collected, from which 40 Campylobacter strains were detected, yielding a detection rate of 10.64%. These included 32 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and 8 Campylobacter coli (C. coli). From 240 poultry meat samples, 67 Campylobacter strains were detected, yielding a detection rate of 27.92%, which comprised 31 C. jejuni, 35 C. coli, and 1 Campylobacter lari strain. Among the 107 Campylobacter isolates, the resistance rates were highest for nalidixic acid (97.20%), ciprofloxacin (97.20%), and tetracycline (89.72%), with a multidrug resistance rate of 57.01%. The multidrug resistance rate was significantly higher in C. coli than in C. jejuni, and higher in poultry-derived isolates than in human-derived isolates (both P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in species composition or major antimicrobial resistance phenotypes between the sequenced (n=77) and unsequenced (n=30) isolates (P>0.05), suggesting that sample loss did not introduce systematic bias. The resistance genes conferring resistance to quinolones resistance gene gyrA T86I mutation (100.00%, 77/77), tetracycline resistance gene tet(O) (74.02%, 57/77), β-lactams resistance gene bla_OXA-193 (50.65%, 39/77), and the antibiotic efflux pump regulator gene cmeR (62.34%, 48/77) were the most frequently detected among 77 Campylobacter isolates. A total of 124 virulence genes were detected in the 77 isolates; C. jejuni (80-109 types) carried a greater variety and number of virulence genes than C. coli (50-71 types) (P<0.001). MLST analysis of 47 C. jejuni isolates identified 39 sequence types (STs), with clonal complex CC-21 being relatively common and the overall ST distribution being highly diverse. Among 30 C. coli isolates, 15 STs were identified, all belonging to the CC-828 clonal complex, and 6 novel STs were discovered. Conclusion    This study provides the first comprehensive insight into the highly diverse ST profiles, the concerning prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, the complex composition of resistance and virulence genes, and the potential risk of cross-species transmission of Campylobacter strains from both human and poultry sources in Hongkou District, thereby offering key data for the precise detection and control of foodborne Campylobacter in this region.

 Objective   To explore the immunoefficacy of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) combined attenuated live vaccine among recruits in a theater command and analyze the influence of demographic characteristics on immune response, so as to provide evidence for optimizing the prevention and control strategy of respiratory infectious diseases among recruits. Methods   A total of 210 male recruits aged 18–25 years from four stations (Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, and Luoyang) were enrolled. All subjects received a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL MMR vaccine. Venous serum samples were collected before vaccination (Day 0) and 28 days after vaccination. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of measles, mumps and rubella IgG antibodies. The antibody positive rate, seroconversion rate, and geometric mean titer (GMT) were calculated, and the effects of different stations, household registration types and educational backgrounds on immune efficacy were analyzed. Results   Before vaccination, the positive rates of measles, mumps and rubella IgG antibodies were 95.24%, 68.57% and 70.95%, with GMT of 728.99, 214.95 and 21.60 IU/mL, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline antibody levels among recruits from different stations or with different household registration types and educational backgrounds (P>0.05). After vaccination, the GMT of the three antibodies increased to 2 707.74, 1 192.92 and 80.41 IU/mL, the positive rates reached 100.00%, 98.57% and 89.05%, and the seroconversion rates were 1.43%, 57.14% and 35.24%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those before vaccination (P<0.001). After vaccination, there were no statistically significant differences in antibody GMT, positive rate, or seroconversion rate among recruits from different stations or with different household registration types and educational backgrounds (P>0.05). Conclusion   MMR vaccine demonstrates good immunogenicity in the recruit population and can effectively elevate the levels of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies, thereby filling the immune gap. No significant differences in immune response are observed among recruits from different stations or with different household registration types and educational backgrounds, indicating stable and consistent vaccine immunoefficacy. These findings can provide a reliable reference for the military to uniformly formulate recruit immunization programs.

Abstract: Objective    To express and identify the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) fusion protein EBNA1-LMP1 using the vaccinia virus /T7 system, providing an experimental basis for the development of novel EBV vaccines. Methods    Primers were designed based on the DNA sequence information of EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). The EBNA1 and LMP1 single genes were obtained by PCR amplification using EBNA1-pCXWB and LMP1-pMV261 plasmids as templates, respectively. The fusion gene EBNA1-LMP1 was constructed by overlap extension PCR through linker sequences. The resulting EBNA1-LMP1 fusion gene was inserted into the pBluescript-II-sk(+) plasmid to construct the recombinant plasmid EBNA1-LMP1-pBlue, which was identified by restriction enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing. BHK-21 cells were infected with recombinant vaccinia virus VTF7-3 and subsequently transfected with the recombinant plasmid EBNA1-LMP1-pBlue using Lipofectamine 2000. After an obvious cytopathic effect was observed, the total proteins were extracted from the collected BHK-21 cells. The molecular mass of the expressed protein was initially evaluated by SDS-PAGE, and the antigen specificity of the expressed protein was identified by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies for EBNA1 and LMP1. Results    The EBNA1-LMP1 fusion gene was successfully obtained through overlap extension PCR, with a size of approximately 2 000 bp, which was consistent with the expected design. The recombinant plasmid EBNA1-LMP1-pBlue was successfully constructed and confirmed by double restriction enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular mass of the expressed protein from the EBNA1-LMP1-pBlue recombinant plasmid was approximately 73 kDa, matching the theoretical size of the EBNA1-LMP1 fusion protein. Western blot demonstrated that the protein was specifically recognized by both anti-EBNA1 and anti-LMP1 antibodies, respectively, indicating correct expression of the EBNA1-LMP1 fusion protein. Conclusion    The EBNA1-LMP1 fusion protein was successfully expressed using the recombinant vaccinia virus system. The protein retains critical antigenic epitopes of both EBNA1 and LMP1, providing important candidate antigens and a preliminary experimental foundation for the subsequent development of novel bivalent EBV vaccines.

Objective    This study aimed to detect Listeria monocytogenes in various types of commercially available foods in Changzhou City in 2023, and to clarify the contamination and carriage status of Listeria monocytogenes in commercially available foods in this region. Method    Twenty-seven strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from commercially available food in Changzhou City in 2023 were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the broth microdilution method. Meanwhile, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on all strains. After quality control and assembly of the raw sequencing data, Kraken2 (v2.1.2) was used to complete gene function annotation, phylogenetic tree construction, and genomic characteristic analysis. Results    In 2023, a total of 27 Listeria monocytogenes-positive samples were detected among 136 commercially available food samples in Changzhou City, with an overall detection rate of 19.9% (27/136). The isolated Listeria monocytogenes were predominantly of serotype IIa. Sequence type (ST) analysis showed that the dominant ST types were ST8/CC8 (5 strains, 18.52%), ST9/CC9 (5 strains, 18.52%), and ST121/CC121 (5 strains, 18.52%). All 27 isolates were susceptible to ampicillin (AMP), penicillin (PEN), tetracycline (TET), vancomycin (VAN), and meropenem (MEM), while 5 isolates exhibited resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT). Twenty-five isolates (92.6%) carried the core virulence genes (hly, prfA, plcA, plcB, mpl) of Listeria pathogenicity island 1 (LIPI-1), four isolates carried LIPI-4 (14.8%), and one isolate carried LIPI-3 (3.7%). Conclusion    The genomic structure of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from commercially available foods in Changzhou City is generally stable; however, these strains universally harbor core virulence genes and thus possess potential pathogenicity. The presence of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance in some strains suggests a potential risk of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infection associated with commercially available food in this region.

Objective To investigate the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody levels among soldiers in a theater, evaluate the immunogenicity of Varicella attenuated live vaccine (VarV), and provide scientific evidence for varicella vaccination strategies in the military. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 2348 soldiers as research subjects who joined the military in September 2025 in a theater. Venous blood samples were collected before vaccination and 30 days after vaccination. VZV IgG antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Calculate the antibody positivity rate, geometric mean concentration (GMC), and seroconversion rate of antibodies, and analyze the differences in antibody levels and influencing factors among populations with different characteristics. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation of antibody levels before and after immunization. Results The pre-vaccination positivity rate of VZV IgG antibodies among the study subjects was 87.8%, which increased to 98.8% after vaccination (χ⊃2;=210.859, P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the positive rate of pre-vaccination antibody among different regions (P=0.031). The GMC increased from 782.6 mIU/mL before vaccination to 1903.7 mIU/mL after vaccination (Z=34.122, P<0.001). Among them, the GMC of the VZV IgG antibody-negative population before vaccination was 65.2 mIU/mL, rose to 309.1 mIU/mL after vaccination, representing a 4.74-fold increase. Age, region, place of residence, and major were the main factors influencing pre-vaccination GMC levels (P<0.05). After vaccination, there were no statistically significant differences in VZV IgG antibody positivity rates and GMC among groups stratified by various factors (P>0.05). The overall seroconversion rate was 32.3% (759/2348), among which the seroconversion rate for the VZV IgG antibody-negative population before vaccination was 89.9% (258/287). Multivariate analysis showed that region and major were independent influencing factors for VZV IgG seroconversion. Compared with the eastern region, the possibility of seroconversion was reduced in the population of the central region (OR=0.607) and the western region (OR=0.749). The possibility of seroconversion among medical majors was 40.1% lower than that among non-medical majors (OR=0.599). Pre-vaccination antibody levels were negatively correlated with the magnitude of post-vaccination antibody increase (Spearman r= -0.673, P < 0.001) and positively correlated with post-vaccination antibody levels (r= 0.618, P < 0.001). Conclusion Soldiers in a theater exhibited a high baseline immunity level against VZV. VarV has good immunogenicity, effectively enhancing population-level immune protection. It is essential to incorporate VarV into the routine immunization program for soldiers. Targeted vaccination for those with low baseline antibody levels is recommended to reduce the incidence of varicella and strengthen the immune barrier in military.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze of the investigation and emergency response to the first local chikungunya fever cluster in city C, and provide reference for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever in the future. Methods　Field epidemiological investigations were carried out on an outbreak of chikungunya fever in S community of G District in C city from August 1, 2025 to September 12, 2025, along with active case investigation, case search and mosquito vector emergency monitoring. Expert consultations were conducted to explore risk assessment and investigation, prevention, and control strategies for local cases. Results　A total of 4 local cases were identified, main clinical manifestations with fever, rash, and arthralgia. The time from symptom onset to medical consultation/reporting ranged from one to two days, with a median interval from the onset to diagnosis of two days. All cases were mild and recovered after approximately one week of hospitalization under mosquito-proof isolation treatment. Transmission chain investigation revealed that all four cases had a common exposure source. The initially estimated exposure period was primarily in the afternoon to evening, with risk factors including dog walking, failure to use repellents, and wearing short-sleeved shirts and shorts. No secondary cases were detected among cohabitants or in active case searches in high-risk areas and health monitoring. All four cases tested positive for CHIKV RNA, with genetic sequencing revealing that all were ECSA (East/Central/South African type) genotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they clustered on the same branch as Foshan and Nanning strains, with high homology. Initial Aedes mosquito surveillance showed a Breteau index (BI) of 6.52 and a mosquito tent trap index of 0 on the first day. After vector control measures, both indices met the standard thresholds of BI: 1.35 and trap index: 0.67 mosquitoes/(tent•hour) by day 3.  Conclusion　Comprehensive prevention and control measures such as case search and management, vector surveillance and control in high-risk areas and sites, health monitoring, and public health education can effectively contain the chikungunya cluster. The locally developed chikungunya fever response toolkit and experience, based on the investigation and handling of this cluster, provide a reference for other regions in responding to local chikungunya fever cluster/outbreaks.　　　　　　

Abstract: Objective　To dynamically monitor the carriage status and antibody levels of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) among student populations, and this study provides a scientific basis for developing targeted meningococcal disease prevention and control strategies. Methods　Using a stratified cluster sampling method, three groups of students: local boarding school students, new martial arts school students, and veteran martial arts school students were selected in Dengfeng City in 2025. Pharyngeal swabs and venous blood samples (5 mL each time) were collected at the beginning and the end of the semester (approximately 80 days apart). Real-time PCR was used to identify Nm serogroups from nasopharyngeal samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect IgG antibody levels against Nm serogroups A, C, Y, and W135.     Results　A total of 212 participants were included, with a age of (14.49±1.64) years. Among them, there were 107 local boarding students, 93.46%(100/107) vaccination rate of serogroup A+C polysaccharide vaccine, and 105 martial arts school students(new 52 students, veteran 53 students), 87.62%(92/105) vaccination rate of serogroup ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. At the first sampling, local students showed a significantly higher antibody positive rate for serogroup A (99.07%, 106/107) than for serogroup C (58.88%, 63/107), while the positivie rates for serogroups W135 and Y were 30.84%(33/107) and 8.41(9/107), respectively. After approximately 3 months, the positive rate for serogroup A decreased by 44.34% (P<0.05); the positive rates for serogroups C and Y increased; the geometric mean titer (GMT) for serogroup C increased by 56.53%, while the GMT for serogroup A decreased by 67.90%; the overall carriage rate increased from 6.25% to 14.29%. Among new martial arts school students, 78 days after receiving MPSV4, the antibody positive rates for serogroups W135 increased from 73.58% to 98.11% (P<0.001), and serogroup Y increased from 64.15% to 92.45% (P<0.001), while no significant changes were observed for serogroups A and C. The overall carriage rate increased from 24.53% to 81.13% (P<0.001), with the predominant serogroup shifting from B (18.87%) to X (35.85%) and B (32.08%). Among veteran martial arts school students, antibody positive rates for all serogroups remained above 83.00% at both sampling time points, with overall carriage rates of 56.60% and 67.92%, and serogroup C was the dominant strain at both time points. Conclusion　The carriage rates, antibody positive rates, and GMTs of martial arts school students were significantly higher than those of local students. It is recommended to strengthen serogroup surveillance and continuously optimize immunization strategies to reduce the risk of transmission.

Abstract  Objective   To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Hainan Province from 2015 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods    Based on data retrieved from the National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, foodborne disease outbreak records caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Hainan Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected and compiled. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze characteristics such as time, region, population, setting, pathogen, and risk factors. Results    From 2015 to 2024, a total of 100 outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus were reported in Hainan Province, involving 1 026 cases, 109 hospitalizations, and no fatalities, with a total of 14 001 exposed individuals. Outbreaks occurred throughout the year, with reports in all months except April. The third quarter was the peak period, accounting for 56 outbreaks (56.00%) and 452 cases (49.22%); The attack rate for this quarter was 9.78%, significantly higher than the average attack rate of 6.12% across the first, second, and fourth quarters(χ⊃2;=319.34, P<0.001). August recorded the highest number of cases, accounting for 23.00% of the total. Regarding regional distribution, Sanya City (42 outbreaks), Haikou City (38 outbreaks), and Danzhou City (8 outbreaks) reported the highest numbers. Outbreak locations were primarily restaurants (57.00%), followed by construction site canteens (9.00%) and school canteens (7.00%). Serotype O3:K6 was the predominant serotype, solely responsible for 17.00% of outbreaks and involved in 21.00% of outbreaks either alone or in combination with other serotypes; other major serotypes included O4:K8 and O3:K4. High-risk food items were primarily aquatic products (29.00%), followed by mixed food products (14.00%) and meat and meat products (12.00%). The main contributing factors were cross-contamination (23.00%), improper processing practices (16.00%), and improper storage (13.00%). Conclusions  Outbreaks of foodborne disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Hainan Province exhibit a distinct seasonal peak, with the highest risk occurring in the third quarter. Aquatic products are the primary high-risk food category, restaurants are the main sites of outbreaks, and cross-contamination is a key risk factor. It is recommended to strengthen supervision during peak seasons, for high-risk food categories, and at key locations; enhance monitoring of aquatic products and food safety education; and improve operational standards among food service practitioners to reduce the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-related foodborne disease outbreaks.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the characteristics and the factors influencing their delayed care of tuberculosis (TB) patients who sought care across regions at infectious disease hospitals in Gansu Province, and this study will provide data reference for optimizing tuberculosis prevention and control planning measures across the province. Methods　Descriptive analysis was used to collect information on reported TB cases from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System from 2024 to 2025. The characteristics of TB patients who sought care across regions were compared with those who did not across regions in infectious disease hospital of Gansu Province. Regression analysis was used to identify the main factors influencing the delayed care of TB patients who sought care across regions. Results　There were 1 479 TB patients who sought care across regions, compared to 1 485 patients who did not across regions in infectious disease hospital of Gansu Province from 2024 to 2025 . The pathogen positive rate among patients who sought care across regions was 71.47%. The main regions from which patients crossed regions were Gannan Prefecture, Linxia Prefecture, and Tianshui City. Among which the proportion of cross regions patients in Gannan was the highest, accounting for 43.31% of all patients in the region. Proportion of patients in the age group of <25 years（χ2=188.323, P<0.001）, Hui ethnicity （χ2=445.775, P<0.001）, farmers and herdsmen（χ2=392.747, P<0.001）, delayed care patients（χ2=61.394, P<0.001）, pathogen-positive patients（χ2=69.401, P<0.001）, re-treatment patients （χ2=49.073, P<0.001）, non-diabetes patients （χ2=16.477, P<0.001）, drug-resistant patients （χ2=44.381, P<0.001）, comorbidities with other tuberculosis patients （χ2=11.282, P<0.001） who sought care across regions were significantly higher than those who did not seek care across regions, the difference was statistically significant. Regression analysis of factors influencing the delayed treatment of cross-regional TB patients showed that Hui ethnicity (OR=2.005, 95%CI: 1.097-3.663); Patients with drug resistance (OR=7.411, 95%CI: 4.877-11.261); patients with comorbid diabetes (OR=2.624, 95%CI: 1.013-6.793); and patients with comorbid other tuberculosis (OR=2.480, 95%CI: 1.327-4.635) had a higher risk of delayed care. Conclusion　From 2024 to 2025, patients seeking cross-regional medical care at infectious disease hospitals in Gansu Province exhibited characteristics of a lower age group, Hui ethnicity, farmers and herdsmen, delayed seeking health care, positive pathogen detection, retreatment, non-comorbid diabetes, drug resistance, and a high proportion of comorbid other tuberculosis; Hui ethnicity, comorbid diabetes, comorbid other tuberculosis, and drug resistance were the main risk factors for delayed diagnosis and treatment. It is necessary to strengthen the promotion and dissemination of public knowledge about tuberculosis prevention and control, effectively improve the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of city and prefecture-level hospitals, and reduce the transmission risk of cross-regional tuberculosis patients in Gansu Province.

Abstract: Objective　This study aims to investigate the current status and influencing factors of soil-borne and foodborne parasitic infections among residents of an ethnic minority village in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating appropriate prevention and control strategies tailored to ethnic minority regions with similar natural conditions and living habits. Methods　In June 2024, permanent residents of the village were selected as study subjects. Fecal examinations were conducted using a modified Kato thick smear method (three tests for one stool). At the same time, a questionnaire survey was administered to collect comprehensive data on demographic characteristics, living environment and hygiene conditions, as well as behavioral and dietary habits. Results　A total of 246 fecal samples were tested, and the overall parasite detection rate was 18.70%（46/246）. Among the detected parasites, Fasciola spp. (10.98%，27/246) were the most common, followed by Taenia spp. (4.07%，10/246), hookworms (3.25%，8/246), Clonorchis sinensis (0.41%，1/246), and Paragonimus spp. (0.41%，1/246). This distribution indicated a mixed infection pattern involving both soil-borne and foodborne parasites. Additionally, a total of 225 questionnaires were collected, of which 223 were valid. Univariate analysis revealed that occupation, annual household income, keeping pets and livestock, use of sanitary toilets, household waste disposal methods, and various dietary and behavioral habits were significantly associated with infection rates (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified that awareness of “measly pork” (OR=0.161) and centralized household waste disposal (OR=0.077) were protective factors against parasitic infections, whereas consumption of raw meat (OR=40.721) and consumption of unwashed fruits and vegetables (OR=16.966) were strong risk factors. 　Conclusion　The prevalence of parasitic infections remains high in this ethnic minority region, which is influenced by multiple factors, including dietary habits, environmental hygiene conditions, and health awareness. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen health education, improve environmental hygiene, standardize dietary behavior, and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of parasitic infections.

Abstract: Objective    This study aimed to investigate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) incidence, and to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of PTB prevention and control strategies and the rational allocation of health resources in Hainan Province, China.  Methods    Data were obtained from the Infectious Disease Reporting and Information Management System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. An age-period-cohort (APC) model was applied to analyze PTB reported incidence data in Hainan Province from 2000 to 2024. The effects of age, period, and birth cohort on temporal trends in PTB reported incidence were evaluated.  Results    From 2000 to 2024, the reported incidence of PTB in Hainan Province and its cities and counties showed an overall continuous declining trend. Age, period, and birth cohort effects jointly influenced the PTB epidemic at different dimensions (χ⊃2;_age = 317.81, χ⊃2;_period = 338.59, χ⊃2;_cohort = 126.61; all P<0.05). The age effect indicated that young adults (20–29 years) and older adults (≥60 years) were the main high-risk populations. The period effect showed that PTB reported incidence peaked during 2005-2009 (RR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.28–1.49), followed by a declining or relatively stable trend since 2010–2014 onward, with most cities and counties exhibiting consistent period-related patterns. The cohort effect further demonstrated that earlier birth cohorts experienced higher PTB risk after entering middle and older age, whereas PTB reported incidence showed an overall declining trend across the same age groups as birth year became more recent.  Conclusion    From 2000 to 2024, the reported incidence of PTB in Hainan Province and its cities and counties exhibited an overall downward trend. Age, period, and birth cohort factors jointly influenced the PTB epidemic, with young adults and older adults identified as key high-risk populations. Stratified and precision-oriented tuberculosis prevention and control strategies should be further promoted to reduce the regional disease burden.

Abstract: Objective    To investigate the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in immune response and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in patients with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB). Methods     A total of 30 FGTB patients treated at Guangzhou Chest Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 were selected, along with 32 healthy individuals who voluntarily provided peripheral blood at the same hospital during the same period as the healthy control group. A random subset of samples (5 FGTB patients and 7 controls) was subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The remaining independent samples (25 FGTB patients and 25 controls) were used for qPCR validation and ROC analysis to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of candidate genes. Differentially expressed genes and their associated biological pathways were identified through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Results    Through differential expression analysis of 5 FGTB patients and 7 healthy controls, we found significant expression differences in a total of 16 194 genes, among which 767 genes met the criteria of |log2FC|>1 and P<0.05. In addition, 257 DEGs intersected with a public EMT gene list. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes play important roles in muscle cell differentiation, negative regulation of the immune process, and cell chemotaxis. ROC analysis showed that the AUC values of 8 core genes exceeded 0.8, indicating potential diagnostic value. The qRT-PCR validation results further confirmed that the expression differences of MMP9 (P<0.05), CXCL8 (P<0.05), and CD274 (P<0.01) were statistically significant in the validation cohort. Immune infiltration analysis results showed that the infiltration of B cells and regulatory T cells was upregulated in the FGTB group, while neutrophils were significantly downregulated, which may contribute to the immune escape and pathological progression of FGTB. Furthermore, MMP9 was significantly associated with mitomycin and gemcitabine; CXCL8 was significantly associated with tamoxifen; and CD274 was significantly associated with small molecule drugs such as tamoxifen and nilotinib, providing new directions for individualized treatment and drug development. Conclusion   This study enhances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and immune microenvironment of FGTB, suggesting that MMP9, CXCL8, and CD274 may serve as biomarkers, providing a foundation for the early diagnosis and development of personalized treatment strategies for FGTB.

Abstract: Objective    To establish a Salmonella detection process combining real-time PCR (qPCR) primary screening and targeted isolation, compare its detection performance with the traditional isolation and culture method in various types of food and related samples, and evaluate its feasibility in food safety risk surveillance. Methods    Real-time PCR assay was validated for its specificity against 14 common non-Salmonella pathogens and inclusivity across 96 Salmonella serotypes. The sensitivity and robustness of the workflow were assessed through matrix-spiking experiments and competitive interference assays with high concentrations of background bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. The optimized workflow was then applied to food safety risk surveillance and compared with  the GB 4789.4-2024 national standard method. Results    The real-time PCR method exhibited 100% specificity and inclusivity. In the simulated spiking experiments of various food and related samples, the detection sensitivity of real-time PCR reached over 100 CFU (Colony-Forming Unit)/mL, and the results of real-time PCR were consistent with those of isolation and culture. In the simulated interference experiments, high-concentration Escherichia coli contamination in samples led to an increase in the Ct (Cycle threshold) value of Salmonella real-time PCR and affected the results of isolation and culture. In the risk surveillance of 341 samples, the detection rate of the new process (9.38%, 32/341) was significantly higher than that of the national standard method (7.62%, 26/341), and 1sample was positive by real-time PCR but negative by isolation and culture. Conclusion    The Salmonella detection process combining real-time PCR primary screening and targeted isolation established in this study can rapidly and accurately detect Salmonella in food and related samples, compensating for the limitations of the national standard method in terms of speed and throughput. It is recommended as a supplementary non-standard rapid detection method for applications including emergency investigations of foodborne disease outbreaks, rapid screening in food circulation links, and daily detection work in grassroots laboratories.

Abstract: Objective    To investigate the mechanism of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase transactivated protein 1 (HBVDNAPTP1) in the apoptosis signaling pathway of monocytes. Methods    A full-length eukaryotic expression vector of the HBVDNAPTP1 gene was constructed. Three groups were established: the negative control group, the pCMV-Myc empty vector group, and the HBVDNAPTP1 overexpression group. Following intervention in THP-1 cells, the apoptosis rate and intracellular ultrastructure were examined. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence, and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Co-immunoprecipitation was employed to determine the targeted binding relationship between HBVDNAPTP1 and CES1. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay, and cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results    CCK-8, flow cytometry apoptosis assay, and electron microscopy results showed that, compared with the control and the pCMV-Myc empty vector group, overexpression of HBVDNAPTP1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of THP-1 cells (P<0.001). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further revealed that HBVDNAPTP1 overexpression caused cellular damage and impaired organelle structure. The results of qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence consistently indicated that, compared with the control group, the expression level of the CES1 was significantly upregulated (P<0.001) and the expression of the Bcl-2 gene was significantly downregulated (P<0.01) in the HBVDNAPTP1 overexpression group. Co-immunoprecipitation results confirmed a targeted binding relationship between HBVDNAPTP1 and CES1. Conclusion    HBVDNAPTP1 can induce apoptosis of THP-1 cells and may influence the occurrence of hepatitis B by inducing the expression of CES1. However, the present study was limited to overexpression cell experiments. Further studies should establish gene knockout cell lines and integrate proteomics, transcriptome sequencing, and other techniques to fully elucidate the mechanism by which HBVDNAPTP1 participates in hepatitis B virus-associated cell apoptosis.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze genotypic drug resistance and influencing factors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in central-western Hainan Province, and to provide evidence for prevention and control strategies of HIV drug resistance in Hainan. Methods　A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in central-western Hainan in 2024. HIV pol gene was sequenced for drug resistance analysis, and HIV TRACE was used to analyze transmission clusters of drug resistance mutations. Results　A total of 352 sequences were obtained. The study population was predominantly male (80.7%), with heterosexual transmission (68.7%). The primary subtypes were CRF01_AE (50.6%) and CRF07_BC (27.6%). The overall rate of drug resistance was 28.7%. Resistance rates to NNRTIs, NRTIs, and PIs were 21.0%, 13.6%, and 9.1%, respectively. The higher rates of resistance were observed against NVP (19.9%), RPV (16.2%), and EFV (14.8%). Molecular transmission network analysis showed that six transmission clusters carrying the S68G mutation were identified in the CRF01_AE subtype, one transmission cluster with the V179D mutation in the CRF65_cpx subtype, and two transmission clusters with the V179E mutation in the CRF55_01B subtype. Multivariate analysis indicated that, the risks of drug resistance in patients aged 40-<55 years (aOR=0.241, 95%CI: 0.090-0.644) and ≥55 years (aOR=0.147, 95%CI: 0.044-0.494) were significantly lower than that in patients aged ≤25 years. Furthermore, patients with a junior high school education level (aOR=0.396, 95%CI: 0.175-0.893) had a lower risk of resistance compared to those with a primary school education or below. Compared with patients with a viral load <50 copies/mL, those with an unknown viral load had a significantly higher risk of drug resistance (aOR=5.002, 95%CI: 1.712-14.609). Conclusion　The elevated level of HIV drug resistance was observed among treated HIV/AIDS patients in central-western Hainan, with some drug resistance mutations forming transmission clusters. It is recommended to implement genotypic drug resistance testing prior to ART initiation to optimize treatment regimens, and to strengthen follow-up management for younger patients and those with lower education levels.

Abstract: Objective   To analyze epidemiological characteristics and predict the incidence trend of acute hepatitis B in Tianjin from 2010 to 2024, and provide scientific evidence for control and prevention of acute hepatitis B. Methods   We obtained surveillance data of acute hepatitis B in Tianjin from 2010 to 2024, and conducted a descriptive analysis of epidemiological characteristics. Software R 4.4.2 was used to establish an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the monthly incidence of acute hepatitis B in Tianjin. Results   A total of 1 875 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported in Tianjin from 2010 to 2024, the average annual incidence rate was 0.87/100 000. The annual reported incidence rates ranged from 0.16/100 000(in 2024) to 2.52/100 000 (in 2010), showing an overall downward trend (χ⊃2;_trend = 648.214, P < 0.001), without obvious seasonal characteristics. The incidence rate of acute hepatitis B showed no cases in the 0 to <5 years age group, with the majority of cases (64.32%) concentrated among young and middle-aged population aged 30 to 50 years. The incidence rate was higher in males (1.19/100 000) than in females (0.52/100 000) (χ²=273.717，P<0.001). Farmers accounted for the highest proportion of occupation (462 cases, 24.64%). The top three districts of reported incidence rates were Jizhou, Jinghai, and Nankai. A total of 298 serum samples from acute hepatitis B cases collected between 2019 and 2024 underwent genotyping, and 250 successfully genotyped, with genotype C predominating（79.60%，199/250）, followed by genotype B(18.80%，47/250). The optimal model was ARIMA(0,1,1)(1,0,0)₁₂, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.03 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.14. Actual values consistently fell within the 95%CI of predicted values. Conclusions   The incidence rate of acute hepatitis B in Tianjin Municipality has shown an overall downward trend and has remained at a low level. The ARIMA model shows a good predictive effect on the incidence of acute hepatitis B in Tianjin, and has certain reference value for control and prevention of acute hepatitis B.

Abstract: Objective　To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cerebral paragonimiasis in Yunnan Province, aiming to improve clinicians' understanding and diagnostic accuracy of this rare but severe parasitic disease of the central nervous system. Methods　A retrospective study was conducted on patients with confirmed or clinically suspected of paragonimiasis at the Third People's Hospital of Kunming from September 2019 to September 2025. Patients diagnosed with cerebral paragonimiasis were selected as the research objects. The general data, laboratory examinations, and MRI findings were collected and analyzed. Results　A total of 109 patients with paragonimiasis were enrolled, among whom 11 patients (10.1%) were diagnosed with cerebral paragonimiasis, comprised 72.8% males and 27.2% females, with age of 12.0 (8.0, 33.0) years. Pediatric patients accounted for 54.5%, and adults for 45.5%. All pediatric cases originated from Zhaotong City, while most adult cases were from Xishuangbanna Prefecture. And 90.9% of patients had elevated peripheral blood eosinophil counts and percentages, and all exhibited a decreased serum albumin/globulin ratio. Brain MRI findings revealed 90.9% of cases had unilateral hemispheric involvement, and 63.6% were multiple lesions. All patients demonstrated patchy low T1WI and high T2WI signal intensity. Among them, 72.7% exhibited a hypointense "tunnel sign", composed of a tunnel cavity and wall, with the tunnel wall showing significant enhancement on contrast-enhanced scans. And 36.4% of patients showed subacute intralesional hemorrhage. And 90.9% of the cases had pulmonary lesions, 36.4% had pleural effusion, and 36.4% had liver abnormalities. Conclusion　Cerebral paragonimiasis is characterized on brain MRI by the "tunnel sign" accompanied by perilesional brain parenchymal edema, often with intralesional hemorrhage. Elevated peripheral blood eosinophil levels and changes in the serum albumin/globulin ratio may aid in differential diagnosis.