Objective To describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2005 to 2023, and to provide evidence-based support for scientific decision-making regarding tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in Xinjiang. Methods Data on reported pulmonary tuberculosis cases from 2005 to 2023 were obtained from the National Infectious Disease Reporting System. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal trends of TB incidence in Xinjiang as a whole and in its southern and northeastern regions, etiological characteristics, and demographic distribution (gender, age, and occupation) of the cases. Results From 2005 to 2023, Xinjiang reported a total of 750 103 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (including tuberculous pleurisy), with the number of reported cases showing an initial rise followed by a decrease. In 2023, the etiological positivity rate of reported tuberculosis patients in Xinjiang was 58.50%, which represents an increase of 31.37% compared to the 44.54% reported in 2005. The incidence rate generally declined from 2005 to 2015 [annual percent change (APC)=-1.97%], rose significantly from 2015 to 2018 (APC=18.20%), dropped markedly from 2018 to 2021 (APC=-35.45%), and experienced a slight rebound from 2021 to 2023 (APC=7.36%). In the five prefectures of southern Xinjiang, incidence increased from 2005 to 2018 (APC=3.76%) and fell from 2018 to 2023 (APC=-24.10%), while northeastern Xinjiang experienced a continuous decline throughout the same period (APC=-5.15%). More males were affected than females (Male-to-female ratio=1.17∶1). The proportion of cases among children <15 years old decreased (APC=-5.29%), while the proportion among elderly individuals ≥65 years old increased (APC=1.99%). Farmers, herdsmen, and fishermen constituted the primary affected group, accounting for 69.93% of cases. Conclusion From 2005 to 2023, the reported TB incidence rate in Xinjiang exhibited a fluctuating downward trend. Notably, after implementing the "Xinjiang Model" TB incidence in Xinjiang significantly decreased, demonstrating substantial progress in TB control. Moving forward, it is essential to implement region-specific and category-based strategies to ensure the high-quality and sustainable advancement of the "Xinjiang Model", there by accelerating progress toward ending the TB epidemic.

Objective To determine the insecticide resistance levels of rural Aedes albopictus populations in Guangzhou, assess the impact of dengue vector control on insecticide resistance, and discuss the rational use of insecticides and resistance management strategies. Methods In July 2024, larval samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from four rural residential sampling sites within a 20-40 km radius of Guangzhou (with a distance of ≥20 km between each site). In the past three years, Dongxiang and Suishi villages had reported 18 and 3 cases of dengue fever, respectively; Xinhai and Donglong villages had reported none. The insecticide resistance levels of field-collected mosquitoes across all sampling sites were evaluated against beta-cypermethrin (conventional insecticide) along with propoxur and temephos (non-conventional insecticides). Insecticide resistance was determined by the larval immersion bioassays. Using the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of a specific sampling site as the control, Probit regression analysis was conducted for each insecticide to determine whether inter-site differences in resistance were statistically significant. Results Using the LC₅₀ of the sensitive population as the base, the test insects from Dongxiang village showed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin (116.85-fold), while those from Suishi and Donglong villages showed moderate resistance (21.41-fold and 12.63-fold, respectively); the test insects from Xinhai village showed moderate resistance to temephos (10.79-fold); all four populations demonstrated low-level resistance to propoxur, with resistance ratios ranging from 3.24 to 4.42. Using Xinhai as the reference population for beta-cypermethrin, resistance in Dongxiang and Suishi was significantly higher (P<0.05). In Dongxiang, resistance to temephos and propoxur was significantly lower than that to beta-cypermethrin (P<0.05). Conclusion In rural areas of Guangzhou where dengue outbreaks have been reported, Aedes albopictus exhibits high resistance to commonly used insecticides but lower resistance to less frequently used agents. In areas without dengue cases, resistance levels to all tested insecticides remain low. Local governments should scientifically use insecticides through environmental sanitation management, insecticide combinations, insecticide rotation, or the use of synergists to avoid or delay the development of resistance in Aedes albopictus during the handling of outbreaks.

Objective This report analyzes the investigation and emergency response to a case of imported chikungunya fever, along with the monitoring of mosquito vectors in the same period, to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever. Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted in 2024 to study a case of chikungunya fever, including case search, emergency surveillance of mosquito vectors, and mosquito control measures. Pearson χ² test was used to analyze mosquito surveillance data, including larval density in different habitats. Results Investigation revealed that the case had traveled to the Maldives with his wife from May 24 to June 1, 2024. After returning to Shanghai, he developed a fever on June 3. He visited Hospital A on June 4 and received treatments, including antipyretics and psychological counseling for stress relief, with no symptom improvement. On June 5, he presented to Hospital B, where an acute-phase serum sample was collected and sent to the CDC for nucleic acid testing for both dengue and chikungunya viruses. On June 7, the laboratory confirmed a positive result for chikungunya virus nucleic acid. The patient recovered following isolation and treatment, and no secondary cases were reported. Surveillance of Aedes vectors in July showed a Breteau index (BI) of 8.85 and a mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) of 7.19. A comparison of MOI in different habitats in 2024 revealed no statistically significant difference (χ²=5.45, P>0.05). ). Mosquito control and emergency surveillance were initiated on the day of diagnosis. After three consecutive days of mosquito control measures, the BI in the core area dropped rapidly from 10 to 3 by June 11, and the human-bait tent trap index dropped from an initial 4 mosquitoes/(trap·h) to 2 mosquitoes/(trap·h). Through sustained vector control measures, the BI and tent trap indices in the core area and precautionary area were maintained within safe limits throughout the outbreak period. Conclusion There is a risk of local transmission caused by imported chikungunya fever cases in Jing'an District, Shanghai. Early diagnosis and timely implementation of mosquito control measures are essential to prevent potential local epidemics.

Objective To explore the gene mutation of isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) and its possible drug resistance mechanism, and to provide theoretical basis for molecular biological diagnosis and clinical drug use of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods The drug concentration gradient induction strategy was adopted to induce the international standard strain H37Rv of Mtb into strains with different degrees of INH resistance. Meanwhile, Mtb clinical isolates with similar resistance levels to the laboratory-induced strains were screened out from the biological sample bank. Then, drug sensitivity tests and whole-genome sequencing analyses were conducted on the induced strains and clinical isolates. Results Whole-genome sequencing analysis indicated that gene mutations of katG p.Trp505*, crp p.Ile142Val, rv1048c p.Arg25Ser, glgP p.Val477Leu, ugpB p.Ala254Thr and pckA p.Thr449Ala have a cumulative effect in the INH-resistant Mtb strain model, and the INH resistance of Mtb may be related to the above gene mutations. In addition, sequencing analysis of Mtb clinical isolates also discovered novel mutation sites potentially associated with INH resistance, such as katG (p.Arg463Leu, p.Arg595Leu, p.Leu343Arg, p.Lys143Glu, p.PHe408Ser, p.Arg249His), crp (p.Thr94Ile, p.Asp45Asn, p.Val99Ala), rv1048c (p.Glu23Asp, p.Ala368Val, p.Arg25Cys), glgP (p.Arg781Gly, p.Arg801Ser, p.Arg727Leu, p.Lys255Glu) and ugpB (p.Ala267Thr, p.Ala17Ser, p.Leu309Met). Conclusion The whole-genome sequencing analysis of INH-resistant strains explained at the molecular level that the resistance of Mtb to INH might be related to gene mutations at specific sites. In addition to the classical mutations, the 19 novel mutation sites potentially related to INH resistance still require further experimental verification. The INH-resistant Mtb model constructed in this study provides a relatively complete biological model for further research of INH-resistant tuberculosis.

Objective To analyze the relationship between HIV-specific immune response in the plasma and viral reservoir size of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and to explore new markers for evaluating HIV reservoirs. Methods A total of 96 HIV-infected individuals diagnosed at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center and followed up for at least 3 years from July 2021 to May 2024 were enrolled in this study. HIV DNA and cell-associated RNA (CA-HIV RNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and HIV antibody levels in peripheral blood were quantitatively measured by immunosorbent assay. Combined with clinical infection parameters, correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results The median (interquartile range, IQR) age of the 96 participants was 51 (36, 59) years. Following long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), the plasma viral load of all participants was suppressed to undetectable levels. The median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) levels of HIV DNA and CA-HIV RNA levels were 2.81 (2.29, 3.10)log10 copies / 10⁶ PBMCs and 2.68（2.28, 2.98）log10 copies/10⁶ PBMCs, respectively, and they were positively correlated (r=0.606 9, P<0.01). HIV DNA was positively correlated with baseline HIV RNA at 4.91 (4.40, 5.39) log₁₀ copies/mL (r=0.3292, P<0.01). HIV DNA and CA-HIV RNA were both negatively correlated with baseline CD4⁺ cell counts of 177 (72, 287) cells/µL (r=-0.513 3, P<0.01; r=-0.322 8, P<0.01), while positively correlated with HIV p24 antibody levels of 2.61 (1.96, 3.08) light units (r=0.37, P<0.01; r=0.371 1, P<0.01), respectively. Conclusions In chronically HIV-infected individuals, pre-ART clinical parameters and post-ART specific antibody levels are closely associated with the size of the HIV reservoir. Therefore, monitoring these indicators could be valuable for assessing the viral reservoir in people living with HIV.

Objective To analyze the species composition, density distribution, seasonal fluctuation, and insecticide resistance of flies, particularly Musca domestica, in Shandong Province, China, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of flies. Methods The cage trapping method was used for fly ecological surveillance, and the topical application method was employed to determine the insecticide resistance of M. domestica. Excel 2010 and SPSS 20.0 software were used to analyze the surveillance data statistically. The chi-square test was used to compare the composition of fly species. Fly densities were compared by the one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The Probit regression model was used to calculate the median lethal dose (LD₅₀), 95% confidence interval (CI), and virulence regression equation. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 10 371 fly traps were deployed in Shandong Province, capturing 68 668 flies, with an overall average density of 6.62 flies/cage. The dominant species were M. domestica, Sarcophagidae, M. sorbens, and Lucilia sericata, accounting for 57.31%, 10.35%, 8.26%, and 7.57% of the total catch, respectively. Among the four types of habitats, the density of flies in farmers' markets was highest, reaching 9.59 flies/cage, followed by green belts, catering surroundings, and residential areas, showing significant differences in fly density among different habitats (H=11.777, P<0.01). Fly density showed a unimodal pattern, with peak periods occurring from June to August. All habitats also displayed a unimodal pattern, with peaks occurring from June to July. M. domestica showed resistance to beta-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, propoxur, temephos, but remained sensitive to tetramethrin, dichlorvos, malathion, and imidacloprid. Conclusions Shandong Province exhibits a diverse fly population, with dominant species, such as Musca domestica and Sarcophagidae, requiring targeted control efforts. Fly density peaks from June to August, and farmers' markets are key places for targeted fly control. Therefore, it is recommended that integrated control measures be implemented in key locations prior to peak fly activity periods to reduce fly density. M. domestica has developed varying levels of resistance to certain insecticides. Future control efforts should involve the scientific and rational use of insecticides to delay the emergence of resistance.

This report details the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment process of the first imported case of chikungunya fever in Haikou City, Hainan Province. The patient, Mr. Yang, is a 34-year-old male student returning from Germany. He departed from Berlin, Germany, on July 21, 2025, and transited through Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, where he was stranded for three days in Tianhe District due to a typhoon. On July 24, he took a flight back to Haikou, Hainan. At 20:00 on July 26, the patient noticed a round red papule with tenderness on the inner side of his left thigh and sought medical attention at the emergency department of Hainan General Hospital. Laboratory testing by the Haikou Center for Disease Control and Prevention using RT-PCR was positive for chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nucleic acid but negative for dengue virus nucleic acid. Both IgM and IgG antibodies for chikungunya were negative, confirming the diagnosis of chikungunya fever. The patient was hospitalized under mosquito-proof isolation and received supportive care for 8 days, including intermittent oral acetaminophen for fever and pain relief, oral rehydration salts for supportive care, and other symptomatic treatments. The patient's temperature normalized, and his condition improved. Repeat testing showed negative chikungunya virus nucleic acid, and the patient was discharged after mosquito-proof isolation measures were lifted. The prevention and control practice of the first imported case of chikungunya fever in Haikou City, Hainan Province, highlights the core principles of early detection, early diagnosis, early mosquito-proof isolation, and early intervention. Furthermore, active surveillance of imported cases and vector control measures can substantially minimize the risk of local transmission caused by imported cases.

Objective To retrospectively review the data of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, investigate their clinical distribution and drug resistance, and detect Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) and pvl genes in the isolates. This study aims to characterize the epidemiological features of MRSA, predict its trends, and provide a reference for infection control and clinical therapeutic strategies. Methods MRSA data from 2020 to 2024 were extracted from the Laboratory Information System (LIS) and WHONET databases of three Grade III-A general hospitals. Non-redundant isolates from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients with antimicrobial susceptibility records were included. Detection rates, drug resistance rates, specimen sources, and high-risk departments were analyzed. A random selection of 129 cryopreserved MRSA isolates underwent PCR amplification for mecA, SCCmec types Ⅰ-Ⅴ, and pvl genes. Results A total of 3 065 eligible MRSA isolates were identified across the three hospitals. The annual MRSA detection rates over five years ranged from 49.7% to 56.2%, with significant inter-hospital differences (all P<0.01); hospital B exhibited the highest rate (57.3%-63.6%). MRSA demonstrated 100.0% susceptibility to linezolid, vancomycin, and teicoplanin, and low-level resistance to rifampicin and chloramphenicol. Isolates were mainly derived from sputum (50.8%), blood (14.6%), and secretions (13.9%). ICU contributed 47.4% of MRSA isolates. Among the 129 tested strains, mecA carriage was observed in 98.5% (127/129). The predominant SCCmec types wereⅢ (47.3%, 61/129) and Ⅱ (40.3%, 52/129), with type Ⅳb detected in 7.8% (10/129) of the samples. The pvl gene positivity rate was 7.0% (9/129). Conclusion Over the five-year period, MRSA detection rates in three hospitals were notably higher than national averages for the same period, albeit with a slow downward trend. The MRSA isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to various antimicrobial agents, although no strains resistant to vancomycin or linezolid were found.

Objective To analyze the investigation and response process of an incident involving a single dog attacking multiple people in He'nan Province in 2024, summarize the characteristics of the incident, evaluate the response effectiveness, and provide a reference for the investigation and management of similar incidents. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect information, including the basic information of exposed individuals, exposure details, post-exposure management, and outcomes. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was employed to detect rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) after vaccination. Real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect rabies virus nucleic acid in specimens from the attacking dog. Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied for data analysis and description. Results A total of 38 exposed individuals were involved in this incident, all of whom were classified as Category Ⅲ exposure. All patients received wound treatment, vaccination, and administration of passive immunizing agents. Among them, the rate of standardized wound treatment within 24 hours was 81.58% (31/38), the timely vaccination rate of the first dose of vaccine within 24 hours was 94.74% (36/38), and the administration rate of passive immunizing agents within 24 hours was 84.21% (32/38). The neutralizing antibody levels of all exposed individuals who underwent rabies virus antibody detection were >0.5 IU/m. Follow-up showed that none of the exposed individuals developed the disease. The stray dog responsible for the incident was culled on-site and disposed of harmlessly. Conclusion This incident was an event of multiple people being attacked by a rabies virus-carrying dog, involving a large number of people. However, the post-exposure response was timely and standardized, the neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination reached the protective level, and no cases or deaths occurred. This highlights the need to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of incidents involving multiple victims bitten by a single dog, improve source control, and conduct joint investigation and disposal through multi-departmental collaboration.

Objective By investigation of the density distribution, population composition, and degree of infestation of cockroaches in different habitats in 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province from 2020 to 2024, this study provided a detailed analysis of the dynamic patterns of their seasonal fluctuation, and provided theoretical support for development of scientific and effective cockroaches prevention and control strategies. Methods From 2020 to 2024, the sticky trap method was used to monitor cockroaches density in six habitats including farm product markets, supermarkets, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, and residential areas in 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province. The surveillance results of cockroaches were statistically analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 27.0 software. The density and species composition of cockroaches were analyzed, and the density difference and seasonal fluctuation trend of cockroaches in different years and different habitats were compared. Results A total of 19 998 cockroaches were captured in Liaoning Province from 2020 to 2024, with a cockroach density of 0.32 cockroaches per paper (19 998/63 215), and the infestation rate was 5.57% (2 707/48 616). The captured population was mainly Blattella germanica, accounting for 97.33% (19 465/19 998) of the total. The density of cockroaches in different habitats was highest in farm product markets, reached 1.25 cockroaches per paper, followed by supermarkets with a density of 0.44 cockroaches per paper, and the lowest was in hotels and hospitals with a density of 0.05 cockroaches per paper. Among the surveillance sites in the province, Yingkou had the highest density of cockroaches, reached 2.43 cockroaches per paper, followed by Tieling with a density of 0.70 cockroaches per paper, Fuxin and Jinzhou was with the lowest density of only 0.01 cockroaches per paper. Among the surveillance sites in the province, Huludao and Yingkou had relatively high cockroaches infestation rate, at 13.20% and 11.85% respectively. Jinzhou has the lowest infestation rate, at only 0.97%. The peak of cockroaches density and infestation rate occurred from July to September. The seasonal fluctuation of cockroaches density differed significantly in different years (χ²=44.504, P<0.05) and in different habitats (χ²=41.913, P<0.05). Conclusion Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches in Liaoning Province. Farm product markets and supermarkets has a relatively high density of cockroaches. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and control of cockroaches in these places.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, years of active prevention and control efforts have enabled the country to reduce annual malaria cases from 30 million to zero indigenous infections, and China was certified as malaria-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. However, in the border areas of Myanmar adjacent to Yunnan Province of China, the number of malaria cases was only 2 583 in 2019 but surged to 34 171 in 2024, representing a staggering increase rate of 1 222.92%. The high incidence of malaria in Myanmar has imposed a heavy disease burden, posing severe challenges to the prevention of malaria importation and re-transmission in China, especially in the China-Myanmar border areas of Yunnan. To address the risk of cross-border malaria retransmission, China has innovatively initiated and implemented the "3+1" border prevention and control strategy in its border areas. This strategy has successfully blocked the risk of cross-border malaria transmission at the frontier, providing critical safeguards for China to sustain its malaria elimination achievements. Furthermore, it has offered China's solutions and reference cases for other countries grappling with cross-border malaria transmission issues, which holds substantial public health significance.

Objective To understand the changes in antigen genotypes of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis (Bp) in Shandong province from 2014 to 2022, aiming to provide a reference for the optimization of pertussis vaccines. Methods Bp strains were clinically isolated from patients at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between 2014 and 2022. The major antigen genes ptxA, ptxC, ptxP, prn, fim2, fim3, and tcfA of Bp isolates were amplified by PCR to determine their antigen genotypes. Genotype distributions were compared across time periods, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated infection groups were assessed, and findings were compared with the antigen genotypes of vaccine strains currently used in China. Results Six antigen genotype profiles were identified among Bp isolates in Shandong Province during 2014-2022, of which the most prevalent antigen genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 (73.27%), followed by ptxA1/ptxC4/ptxP3/prn150/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 (22.78%). The prevalence of genotypes ptxC1, ptxP1, and prn1 was highest in 2014-2016, followed by 2020-2022, and lowest in 2017-2019; however, these temporal differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In contrast, ptxC4, ptxP3, and prn150 were not detected before 2020 and only appeared in the 2020-2022 period, a statistically significant emergence (P<0.001). Among the isolates from 2020-2022, no significant difference in prevalence was observed between ptxC1 and ptxC4, ptxP1 and ptxP3, or prn1 and prn150 (P>0.05). The differences in antigen genotypes between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Finally, compared with the vaccine strain, the major change of Bp epidemic strains in Shandong Province was the substitution of ptxA1 for ptxA2. Conclusions From 2014 to 2022, the predominant antigen genotype among circulating Bp strains in Shandong Province was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2. After 2020, the major changes were as follows: ptxC1 shifted to ptxC4, ptxP1 shifted to ptxP3, and prn1 shifted to prn150. The genotypes of epidemic Bp strains differ from the vaccine strain, primarily marked by the replacement of ptxA2 with ptxA1. Continued surveillance of Bp antigen genotypes in Shandong Province is warranted to inform the development of new pertussis vaccines.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and clustering epidemic characteristics of fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, and to find out the loopholes in the disposal of the epidemic, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic in Changzhou City. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the case profiles across demographic, temporal, geographical, healthcare-seeking, and clustered outbreak dimensions in Changzhou City from 2021 to 2024. Between-group differences in characteristics were analyzed using chi-square tests or Fisher's exact probability tests, as statistically appropriate. Results A total of 61 SFTS cases were reported in Changzhou City from 2021 to 2024, with an incidence rate of 0.28/100 000, and a cumulative total of 17 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 27.87%. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.03, with a median age of 66 (58.25, 72.75) years. A statistically significant difference in age distribution was observed between the clinical improvement group and the mortality group (P<0.01). The predominant occupational category among participants was farmers. The onset of the disease was mainly in summer and fall, with most of the cases concentrated in Liyang City and Jintan District, and the median time from onset to diagnosis was 5 d. 95.08% (58/61) of the cases were confirmed in tertiary and above medical institutions. Three SFTS household cluster outbreaks were reported between 2021 and 2024, of which two were caused by close caregiving during the hospitalization of relatives. Among the two primary cases, one died, while the two subsequent cases were both cured. The other cluster was caused by direct contact with the blood of the deceased and contaminated materials. The primary case died, and one of the two subsequent cases also died. Conclusion The incidence of SFTS in Changzhou City is showing an increasing and spreading trend. It is crucial to enhance health education for high-risk populations in key areas and to strengthen the case detection capabilities of primary healthcare institutions in high-incidence townships. For suspected cases, especially those at risk, viral nucleic acid testing should be conducted as early as possible; hospital discharge management and tracking should be strengthened; and infection control should be done in households and communities to prevent clustered outbreaks..

Objective To assess the trends in late presentation among HIV/AIDS patients in Guiyang City from 2012 to 2024, and to predict the number of late-detected incidents for 2025-2026, thereby providing a reference basis for the development of precise prevention and control strategies for early-detected cases. Methods The study combined descriptive epidemiological analysis with time-series forecasting. The newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Guiyang City from 2012 to 2024 were selected from the China AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Control Information System. The time trend of late presentation was analyzed by using the Joinpoint regression model; an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used to predict the number of late presentation patients for 2025-2026. Results From 2012 to 2024, 14 128 new HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Guiyang City, and the incidence rate increased from 10.20/100 000 in 2012 to 20.09/100 000 in 2024, with an overall increasing trend [Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC)=4.16%, P<0.001]. During 2012-2024, there were 10 521 late presentation cases, with an overall late presentation rate of 74.47%, which declined slowly over time (AAPC=-1.05%, P=0.003). The proportion of late presentations was higher in the ≥50 age group (80.28%) compared to the <50 age group (71.17%), and higher for heterosexual transmission (77.87%) compared to homosexual transmission (64.58%). Joinpoint regression model analysis indicated a slow downward trend in the proportion of late presentations across different genders, age groups, and modes of transmission. The AAPCs for males, ≥50 years, and homosexual transmission were -0.81%, -0.87%, and -1.15%, respectively, with no statistically significant change. In contrast, the AAPCs for females, <50 years, and heterosexual transmission were -1.87%, -1.42%, and -1.24%, respectively (all P<0.05). Conclusion From 2012 to 2024, the overall incidence of HIV/AIDS in Guiyang showed an increasing trend. Although the proportion of late presentations has been slowly decreasing, it remains high-particularly among individuals aged ≥50 years and those infected via heterosexual transmission-who should be prioritized in HIV prevention and control. Tailored health education and optimized testing strategies should be developed for these key populations to enhance early detection.

Objective To investigate the serotypes, molecular typing, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence factor characteristics of Salmonella isolates from foodborne disease cases in Changsha City, and to explore the relationships between serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence. Methods A total of 57 Salmonella strains isolated in Changsha in 2024 were analyzed. Serotypes were identified using the serum agglutination tests; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method; whole-genome sequencing was conducted for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial resistance gene and virulence factor detection, with phylogenetic tree analysis performed to assess their correlations. Results The Salmonella isolation rate was 10.65% (57/535), distributed across serogroups B, C, D, E, and J, comprising 13 serotypes, with Salmonella Typhimurium (61.40%, 35/57) being the dominant serotype. A total of 15 ST types were detected, with ST34 being the predominant type (45.61%, 26/57). The 15 ST types were further differentiated into 38 core-genome sequence type (cgST), with cgST17987 being the most frequent (14.04%, 8/57). Eight clonal groups with identical cgST types were identified, with ST34 exhibiting high cgST diversity (15 types). The SNP-based phylogenetic tree and cgMLST minimum spanning tree showed high consistency in major branch structures, with the former's Salmonella Typhimurium clone group (ST34 tight cluster) fully corresponding to the latter's cgST18020 complex. The isolates exhibited high resistance rates to streptomycin (82.46%), tetracycline (75.44%), and ampicillin (73.68%), with multidrug-resistant strains accounting for 80.70%. The most prevalent resistance genes were aac(6')-Iaa, aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, bla_TEM-1B, sul2, and floR. The 57 Salmonella strains primarily carried virulence factors related to fimbrial adhesion, non-fimbrial adhesion, secretion systems, regulation, and transport proteins. Conclusion In this study, Salmonella isolates were predominantly of the ST34 clone lineage, exhibiting high clonal relatedness and low genetic diversity, indicative of recent transmission. The isolates displayed broad antimicrobial resistance profiles, with rare occurrences of high-risk resistance genes such as bla_NDM-5, while harboring multiple virulence factors. These findings highlight the urgency of antimicrobial resistance control and the necessity for enhanced surveillance and monitoring.

Globally, human diseases caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly prevalent, with clinical manifestations ranging from skin lesions to systemic diseases, and the prognosis of patients is relatively poor. These bacteria are widely distributed in natural environments, leading to extremely common exposure of humans to them. In view of the above characteristics, accurate identification and characterization of the NTM, as well as the formulation of appropriate subsequent treatment regimens, remain major challenges at present. The treatment of NTM diseases is complex and requires the long-term combined use of multiple drugs, which not only results in high treatment costs but also often causes adverse reactions in patients. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as traditional Chinese medicine, has a long history and rich experience in the treatment of infectious diseases. In recent years, growing attention has been paid to TCM, and research data have shown that TCM possesses certain potential in the treatment of NTM diseases. It can improve clinical efficacy, alleviate patients' symptoms, reduce adverse reactions of Western medicines, and reverse NTM drug resistance, etc. This article explores the epidemiological characteristics, current status of drug resistance, antibiotic treatment, and application of TCM in the treatment of NTM diseases, aiming to provide more insights and approaches for clinical treatment, improving the treatment level of this disease, and benefiting more patients.

Objective To study on ecological niches of sandflies, and classify their species in Hainan Island, provide a scientific basis for risk assessment of sandfly-borne diseases and the development of targeted prevention and control strategies in tropical regions of China. Methods In response to the diverse geographical environment of Hainan Island, a sandfly investigation were conducted across 11 towns in 7 counties in Hainan Island from 2023 to 2024. Light trap method was used to catch sandfly samples, with environmental observations. The morphological characteristics of cibarium, pharyngeal armature, spermatheca, and male external genitalia of sandfly specimens were observed and recorded under a microscope to identify species. Results The sampling sites were located between 109°-110° E longitude and 19°-20° N latitude in Hainan Island, spanning mountainous regions, hilly areas, and plains, with an altitude ranging from 3.0 to 314.2 m. Total of 969 samples were captured, with no significant differences in collection numbers across different topographical units. Investigation and statistical results showed that the main blood-sucking and resting habitats of sandflies were poultry sheds and livestock pens. Sandfly density in poultry sheds (including adjacent storage areas, 0.4-69.0 flies/(trap·night) was significantly higher than that in livestock pens (0-7.0 flies/trap/night) (Mann-Whitney U, P=0.000 3). Number of 144 sandfly specimens was classified, as five species belonging to two genera: Phlebotomus stantoni (n=22), Sergentomyia bailyi (n=37), Se. hivernus (n=26), Se. iyengari (n=55), and Se. squamipleuris (n=4). The Sergentomyia hivernus is a new record in China. The morphological identification characteristics for the five species were supplemented and revised. Female Se. iyengari with Se. hivernus can be distinguished by the following four features: pigment patch shape (tangerine-segmented vs mushroom-shaped), arrangement of chitinous dots (2-3 rows vs 1 row), spermatheca morphology (long cylindrical vs. sausage-shaped), and degree of spermathecal head sunken (completely sunken vs. slightly sunken). Conclusion This study confirmed that poultry sheds and livestock pens are the primary blood-sucking and resting habitats for sandflies, and there are five species belong to subfamily Phlebotominae in Hainan Island, Se. hivernus is new Chinese record.

In recent years, tropical diseases in China have shown a trend of re-emergence and emergence, with a significantly elevated risk of local transmission of vector-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya fever, posing a severe challenge to disease control and prevention. This article reviews the driving factors, epidemiological characteristics, and control challenges of ermerging and re-emerging tropical diseases in China. Studies suggest that climate change has expanded the distribution range of vectors, with vectors like Aedes albopictus continuously spreading northward; globalization has accelerated the cross-border transmission of pathogens, making imported cases a potential source of local outbreaks; rapid urbanization has created new suitable habitats for vectors; invasive alien species have introduced new pathogens and vectors; pesticide residues have led to increased vector resistance. Under the combined influence of these factors, a complex transmission network of tropical diseases has been formed, which has changed the disease spectrum and epidemiological pattern of tropical diseases in China and given rise to numerous ermerging and re-emerging tropical diseases with serious consequences. However, the current prevention and control system in China faces numerous challenges in addressing ermerging and re-emerging tropical diseases, such as insufficient monitoring coverage, limited early warning capacity, inefficient detection technology, and a reliance on singular control measures. In the future, it is necessary to build a comprehensive control system based on the "One Health" concept through scientific assessment of epidemiological trends, strengthen multi-sectoral collaboration, develop green and intelligent control technologies, and implement integrated prevention and control of multiple diseases simultaneously. Meanwhile, China should deepen participation in international health cooperation to jointly address the global challenges of emerging and re-emerging tropical diseases.

This paper reports the discovery, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiological survey of three epidemiologically linked cases of Chlamydia psittaci infection, originating from a common source across two incidents in Wuhan City in 2024, aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Chlamydia psittaci infection. One confirmed case was attributed to environmental exposure; the patient, who frequently took naps and enjoyed the cool on his own balcony, was infected by feathers, feces, and other secretions from homing pigeons kept on the balcony of an upstairs neighbor. The diagnosis was confirmed by a positive targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) result for Chlamydia psittaci. Two additional clinically diagnosed cases were traced to direct contact through the breeding of homing pigeons; these individuals had exchanged pigeons with the breeder whose birds carried the pathogen. All three cases recovered and were discharged after receiving anti-infective and symptomatic treatment. Subsequent investigation found that five environmental samples tested positive for Chlamydia psittaci nucleic acid, whereas all samples from human contacts tested negative. These cases highlight that Chlamydia psittaci poses a risk to specific populations and underscore the importance of obtaining a detailed epidemiological history for timely diagnosis and identification. To effectively prevent and control Chlamydia psittaci infection, there is an urgent need to formulate relevant prevention and control plans and technical guidelines to standardize diagnosis, treatment, and disease transmission control.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are typically prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly affecting populations in the world's poorest areas, and have historically been overlooked due to a lack of attention and funding. In recent years, China has continuously advanced integrated prevention and control strategies at the national level, including strengthening surveillance and early warning systems, improving diagnostic and treatment capacities, and promoting vector control measures. These efforts have remarkably resulted in decreased incidence for multiple diseases and significant progress toward elimination for some diseases. Although China has made remarkable progress in the prevention and control of these diseases, significant regional disparities and increasing risks of imported cases remain, particularly in the context of climate change and rapid urbanization. The emerging and re-emerging infectious disease threats have compounded existing burdens, placing additional pressure on China's public health system. This paper summarizes recent achievements, current status, and existing challenges in China's efforts to combat NTDs. It further proposes the continued implementation of integrated prevention and control strategies, reinforcement of cross-border joint prevention and control mechanisms, and promotion of international cooperation to advance the sustainable control and eventual elimination of NTDs in China.

Objective To assess the disease and economic burden of dengue fever patients in Hainan Province in 2019, and to compare the economic costs per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) across provinces in China, thereby providing a scientific basis for quantifying the disease burden of dengue fever and formulating region-specific strategies for disease prevention, control, and resource allocation. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using clinical data from 330 confirmed dengue fever cases at Hainan General Hospital in 2019 to estimate the disease and economic burden for all 368 reported cases in the province. Furthermore, a systematic literature search was performed to compile data on the economic burden of dengue fever from other provinces in China, calculate the economic cost per DALY for each province, and compare the differences across regions. Results Among the 330 dengue fever patients, the average DALY burden was 0.03 person-years. The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of the total economic burden was 1 822.11 (162.61, 2 601.74) yuan, with the M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of the direct economic burden at 1 513.03 (162.61, 2 144.84) yuan and the M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of the indirect economic burden at 219.28 (0, 438.56) yuan. The total DALY burden of dengue cases in Hainan Province in 2019 was 11.33 person-years. The estimated total economic burden was 670 536.48 yuan (95%UI: 575 537.30-751 654.70), comprising direct economic burden of 556 795.04 yuan (95%UI: 488 810.70-626 089.40) and indirect economic burden of 80 695.04 yuan (95%UI: 53 797.92-107 592.20). The estimated economic cost per DALY for dengue cases in the entire province was 59 182.39 yuan. Among provinces studied for dengue fever economic burden in China (Guangdong, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Chongqing), Guangdong Province exhibited the highest economic cost per DALY and per capita economic burden. Conclusion The economic burden of dengue patients in Hainan Province is substantial. Measures such as expanding health insurance coverage and improving cross-regional insurance settlement are recommended to alleviate the direct economic burden on patients. Given the significant variations in economic burden across provinces in China, dengue prevention and compensation policies should be tailored to regional characteristics to optimize resource allocation.

Objective To analyze the composition and antimicrobial resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria isolated from urine specimens in Qinghai Province from 2019 to 2024, and to provide data support for the anti-infection treatment of urinary tract infection patients in Qinghai Province. Methods Data on bacterial isolates from urine specimens were collected from 24 member hospitals of the National Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Network in Qinghai Province between 2019 and 2024. Data are presented as counts and percentages (%). The WHONET 5.6 software was utilized to analyze the species distribution and temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns. Duplicate isolates (i.e., subsequent isolates of the same bacterial species from the same patient) were excluded, retaining only the first isolate for each patient. Bacterial identification was performed using automated bacterial identification systems in the microbiology laboratories of the participating institutions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the micro-broth dilution method and the disk diffusion (K-B) method, with results interpreted according to the CLSI M100 (ED35) guidelines. Results A total of 26 319 bacterial isolates were obtained from urine specimens during the study period. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 20 021 isolates (76.1%), while Gram-positive bacteria constituted 6 298 isolates (23.9%). The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (15 617 isolates, 59.2%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (2 055 isolates, 7.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (1 940 isolates, 7.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 330 isolates, 5.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (582 isolates, 2.0%), Proteus mirabilis (531 isolates, 1.9%), Klebsiella oxytoca (429 isolates, 1.5%), Streptococcus agalactiae (410 isolates, 1.5%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (339 isolates, 1.2%). Among Enterobacterales (including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, and K. oxytoca), resistance rates to cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, ertapenem, and amikacin were low (below 9%). In contrast, high resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (8 757 isolates, 84.8%), and cefazolin (7 771 isolates, 56.7%). P. aeruginosa exhibited low resistance to amikacin (below 3%) but higher resistance to levofloxacin (328 isolates, 18.7%). Enterococci isolates demonstrated low resistance to linezolid, vancomycin, and teicoplanin (below 2.2%). All S. agalactiae isolates remained susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid. Conclusions From 2019 to 2024, Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant pathogens isolated from urine specimens in Qinghai Province, with no significant annual variations in the distribution of bacterial species. Clinicians should reasonably use antibiotics according to the drug sensitivity results to reduce the production of drug-resistant bacteria.

Objective To investigate the long-term seasonal variation of Anopheles dirus density in Wuzhishan City, Hainan Province, and to analyze its association with environmental factors, including meteorological factors, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use patterns, providing evidence for malaria re-transmission risk prevention and control. Methods Surveillance data on An. dirus density was systematically collected from the monitoring site in Maoyang Town, Wuzhishan City, Hainan Province, during 2001-2024, along with meteorological, NDVI, and land use data. Descriptive analysis was first conducted to characterize the seasonal patterns of An. dirus density, followed by Spearman correlation to assess the influence of environmental factors on mosquito density. The distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was then applied to explore the non-linear lagged effects of key environmental variables. Results During 2001-2024, the average An. dirus density was 0.66 mosquitoes/person-night, with a seasonal peak in March-June and an exceptional high value of 3.83 mosquitoes/person-night in May 2020. Spearman correlation showed significant positive associations of mosquito density with monthly mean minimum temperature (r_s=0.40, P<0.001), maximum temperature (r_s=0.31, P<0.001), and mean temperature (r_s=0.28, P<0.001), a negative association with water body proportion (r_s=-0.39, P<0.001), a weak positive association with forest proportion (r_s=0.28, P<0.001), and no significant association with NDVI (r_s=-0.09, P>0.05). DLNM results indicated that mosquito density risk was highest at minimum temperatures of 18-22 °C, with effects concentrated within 0-1.5 months; precipitation of 0-100 mm increased risk (maximum RR=1.46) with stronger effects at 1-3 months lag; and NDVI<0.76 was associated with increased risk (RR=1.10-1.40). Conclusions Environmental factors are closely related to An. dirus density in Wuzhishan City. Temperature, rainfall, NDVI, and water body proportion were the main influencing factors on An. dirus density and should be incorporated into mosquito surveillance and risk assessment systems to provide a scientific basis for malaria re-transmission risk monitoring in the region.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once one of the five major parasitic diseases posing a serious threat to public health in China. Through dedicated control efforts, the disease had been basically eliminated in most endemic areas by the early 1980s. However, since the 21st century, a rapid resurgence of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis has occurred in central and western China, with numerous historically endemic counties experiencing re-emergence and a continuous geographical expansion of the epidemic area, currently spanning seven provinces/municipalities: Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, and Beijing. This article systematically reviews the current epidemiological characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and monitoring status of vector sandflies and reservoir hosts (dogs). It analyzes the drivers of the resurgence under the combined effects of global climate change, ecological environmental shifts, and social factors. Existing control measures focusing on case management, reservoir host and vector control, along with their associated challenges, are summarized. To advance sustainable control and elimination, recommendations are proposed, including strengthening integrated research, promoting the translation of technologies into practice, and establishing a multi-sectoral collaborative governance network.

Objective To analyze the current status and development trends of chikungunya research in China using bibliometric methods, and to provide a reference for optimizing control and prevention strategies. Methods Literature related to chikungunya from 2006 to 2025 was retrieved from CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was used to visualize authors and keywords. Python 3.10 was applied to generate word clouds. CiteSpace was used to perform keyword emergence analysis, and Excel 2019 was used to calculate annual publication volume and institutional distribution. Results A total of 295 publications were included. The annual volume of publications fluctuated, with peaks in 2008, 2012, 2014, and 2020, followed by a downward trend in the recent five years. Institutional analysis showed that the Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau (21 articles) and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (17 articles) were the most productive institutions, mainly located in Category Ⅰ and Ⅲ risk regions. Author analysis identified HUANG Jicheng (15 articles) and ZHENG Kui (14 articles) as core authors. Keyword frequency analysis indicated that the top three high-frequency keywords were "chikungunya virus" "chikungunya fever", and "imported". Keyword co-occurrence clustering revealed that the main research topics included viral molecular characteristics, arbovirus identification and control (e.g., dengue virus, Zika virus), clinical and pathological features, epidemiological surveys, monitoring of imported cases, and diagnostic techniques. The keyword timeline indicated research hotspots shifted from early research on imported cases to detection techniques, with recent focus on vaccine development and co-circulating arbovirus surveillance and identification. Conclusion Chikungunya research in China shows an outbreak-driven fluctuation pattern, and the number of studies is expected to increase in the next 1-2 years. It is recommended to focus on broad-spectrum antiviral drug development and diffusion risk modeling, strengthen team collaboration, and establish a joint prevention and control platform linking epidemic areas in southern China with research institutions.

Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of main host animals and vector fleas in the natural foci of house mouse plague in Menghai County, so as to provide a reference for the surveillance and control of plague in this region. Methods In Menghai County, eight townships within an elevation range of 600-1 800 meters were selected as study areas. From December 13 to 24, 2021, investigations of host animals and their parasitic fleas were conducted using nocturnal cage trapping and diurnal clip trapping across three habitat types: residential areas, shrub-forest ecotones, and cultivated zones. Community ecology methodologies were applied to analyze species composition and spatial distribution patterns. Results A total of 446 plague host animals were captured, representing 17 species, 10 genera, 5 families, and 3 orders. The dominant species were Rattus tanezumi (40.81%), Eothenomys miletus (12.11%), and Rattus andamanensis (10.76%), with an overall capture rate of 6.40%. Capture rates significantly differed across habitats (χ²=202.477, P<0.001): 1.78% in residential areas, 6.50% in shrub-forest ecotones, and 13.68% in cultivated zones. The shrub-forest ecotones exhibited the highest species richness, diversity (Shannon index), and evenness, while residential areas showed the lowest values. Significant differences in capture rates were also observed across three elevation belts (χ²=9.154, P=0.010): 5.58% (Belt A), 7.20% (Belt B), and 7.94% (Belt C). Belt C demonstrated superior ecological indices: 15 species richness, Shannon diversity index of 2.320, and evenness index of 3.347. A total of 163 vector fleas were collected, representing 10 species, 7 genera, and 5 families. Dominant flea species included Ctenophthalmus lushuiensis (23.31%), Ctenophthalmus quadratus (19.02%), Xenopsylla cheopis (15.95%), Archaeopsylla dispar (11.66%), and Aviostivalius klossi bispiniformis (11.04%). The overall flea infestation rate was 15.47%, with a total flea index of 0.37. Notably, only Xenopsylla cheopis was detected in residential areas, displaying a flea index of 0.57. Conclusion In Menghai County, the primary plague reservoir Rattus tanezumi and the key transmission vector Xenopsylla cheopis are widely distributed, with notable dominance in residential areas. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of plague hosts and vectors in this area, promptly grasp the epidemic dynamics, and carry out preventive rodent and flea control when necessary to reduce the risk of plague occurrence and spread.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Hainan Province from 2014 to 2023, and provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of HFMD in the region. Methods hfmd data in hainan province from 2014 to 2023 were collected through the chinese disease control and prevention information system. Etiological specimens were collected from a subset of reported cases. The joinpoint regression model and other descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution and trends of the disease. Results from 2014 to 2023, hainan province reported a cumulative total of 316 041 cases, with an average annual incidence rate of 330.51/100 000. Among these, there were 997 severe cases and 13 fatalities. Joinpoint regression analysis indicated a decreasing trend in the overall incidence rate, but the difference was not statistically significant (β=-44.52, t=2.298, P=0.051); while the proportion of severe cases showed a statistically significant decreasing trend over the years(AAPC=-50.61, t=-4.915, P=0.001). The incidence of HFMD exhibited clear seasonality, with bimodal peaks observed in Apr. to Jul. and Sep. to Oct., and severe cases primarily occurring from Apr. to Aug.; Cases have been reported in all counties and cities across the province, with the highest incidence rate observed in Tunchang County (647.60/10⁵), and the lowest in Ledong County (152.94/10⁵). Population distribution showed an imbalanced trend in the reported incidence rates between males and females. The reported incidence rate in males showed a statistically significant decreasing trend (β=-52.14, t=-2.382, P=0.044), while the decreasing trend in females was not statistically significant (β=-36.04, t=-2.185, P=0.060). The majority of cases occurred in children under 5 years old (accounting for 95.44%); severe cases were mainly in children under 3 years old (accounting for 93.48%). Scattered children (79.28%) and preschool children (17.85%) were the main affected population. Regarding pathogen types: EV-A71 predominated in 2014, CVA16 predominated in 2021, while EV-A71, CVA16, and other enteroviruses had similar proportions in 2016. In other years, other enteroviruses were the predominant serogroups. Conclusion Hainan Province is a high-prevalence area for HFMD, with a decreasing trend in both incidence and severe case proportions. Other enteroviruses have gradually become primary pathogens. Effective comprehensive prevention and control measures should be implemented for key populations during the pre-epidemic and epidemic periods.

Objective To investigate the genotype distribution of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in wild Aedes albopictus field populations in Shanghai, characterize knockdown resistance (KDR) gene mutations and their trends, and provide scientific guidance for mosquito-borne disease control strategies in the region. Methods Larvae/pupae of Aedes albopictus were collected from 13 sites across 12 districts in Shanghai between September and October 2024. After being reared to adulthood in the laboratory, healthy female mosquitoes were selected for genetic analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted using a spin column method. Primers targeting Domain Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳof the VGSC gene were designed for PCR amplification. Amplicons were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis, sequenced, and analyzed using SeqMan software to identify mutation sites and genotypes. Mutation frequencies were calculated using Excel, and regional differences were compared via chi-square tests (P<0.05 considered statistically significant). Results A total of 455 Aedes albopictus mosquitoes were analyzed, revealing an overall mutation rate of 79.8% (363/455), with all 13 populations exhibiting varying mutation frequencies. The frequencies of mutant alleles were 5.0% for V1016G (GGA/G, 45/910), 4.3% for I1532T (ACC/T, 39/910), and for the F1534 locus, 48.5% for F1534S (TCC/S, 441/910) and 14.0% for F1534C (TGC/C, 127/910). No individuals carrying simultaneous mutations at all three loci were detected. However, 52 individuals (11.4%) harbored mutations at two loci: 2 individuals (0.4%) with concurrent mutations at V1016 and F1534, and 50 individuals (11.0%) with concurrent mutations at I1532 and F1534. Conclusion The Aedes albopictus population in Shanghai exhibits rapid KDR mutation evolution, with predominant combined mutations at loci I1532 (I/T) and F1534 (F/S) stably distributed across most surveillance regions. Vigilance is warranted regarding synergistic resistance development. A dynamic monitoring system, coupled with insecticide rotation and precision application, should be integrated into multi-dimensional resistance management strategies to delay resistance gene spread and accumulation.

The number of malaria infections in the world remains high, and the resistance to antimalarial drugs is a recurring issue, which poses a serious challenge to prevention and treatment of malaria. The resistance mechanisms of different antimalarial drugs vary significantly. For instance, artemisinin resistance is associated with mutations in the Kelch 13 gene (PfK13), while chloroquine resistance is linked to genetic variations in chloroquine-resistance transporter (Pfcrt). Additionally, drugs such as piperaquine and mefloquine also encounter varying degrees of resistance issues. Although China has eliminated indigenous malaria, imported cases have been increasing annually, with some carrying drug-resistant genetic mutations. For this, we need to establish a systematic monitoring system, continuously track the efficacy of antimalarial drugs, in vitro susceptibility test results, and the development of resistance in malaria parasites, and adjust medication plans and prevention and control strategies on time. This article provides a review of the current status and monitoring methods of antimalarial drug resistance, providing scientific evidence to guide the rational use of antimalarial drugs and supporting the development of surveillance strategies for monitoring drug resistance in imported malaria cases, thereby addressing the current challenges of drug resistance in global malaria control.

Objective To clarify the epidemic regularity, genetic evolution characteristics, and molecular variation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in Shanghai from 2016 to 2024, and to provide a basis for formulating targeted control and prevention measures for AIV infection. Methods Continuous surveillance was conducted in poultry farms and trading venues in Shanghai, with a total of 43 484 specimens, including throat swabs and fecal swabs, collected. Nucleic acid detection, virus isolation and culture, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were performed to analyze the virus positive rate, regional/yearly distribution, lineage clustering, molecular characteristics, and recombination events. Results The total positive rate of influenza A virus was 8.10% (3 521/43 484), among which 2 334 were H9N2 subtype-positive. Temporal distribution of H9N2-positive specimens were concentrated in 2016-2019 (2 166/2 334, 92.8%); geographical distribution were mainly in Pudong (800/2 334, 34.3%), Songjiang (395/2 334, 16.9%), and Chongming (248/2 334, 10.6%) districts. The main sources were live poultry markets (1 475/2 334, 63.2%) and poultry farms (459/2 334, 19.7%); throat swabs (504/2 334, 21.6%) and fecal samples (405/2 334, 17.4%) were the primary specimen types. Eighty-six H9N2 AIV sequences were successfully isolated and sequenced, all belonging to lineage B, with dominant clusters B4.7.4 (33/86, 38.4%) and B4.7.1 (18/86, 20.9%). The cleavage site of hemagglutinin (HA) protein was the low pathogenicity characteristic sequence RSSR, and the high-frequency mutation sites in the HA gene included Q227M (100.0%), Q156R (88.4%), and T192R (87.2%). Recombination analysis indicated that the sequence FX201712051_HA was a recombinant product of PD18_022_0204112_HA and FX201610007_HA. Conclusion Although no human cases of avian-origin H9N2 influenza have been reported in Shanghai, the prevalent strains have evolved synchronously with the mainstream domestic lineages while exhibiting regional recombination characteristics that require attention. It is recommended to strengthen continuous surveillance and risk assessment of recombinant strains, clarify the transmission routes of the virus in poultry farms (e.g., airborne and contact transmission), so as to provide a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control measures.

To investigate and analyze a poisoning incident occurred in a County, Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, which resulted in one death due to a family consumed self-picked Lepiota brunneoincarnata（L. brunneoincarnata）, thereby providing a significant reference in investigations and treatments of acute liver injury induced by poisonous mushrooms for future. Epidemiological investigation methods were used to investigate the poisoning incident in a County, Qiannan Prefecture in June 2024. Blood biochemical indicators were combined to identify the suspected food. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed for the qualitative and quantitative detection of toxins in mushroom samples collected from the site and in the patient's blood. The initial clinical manifestations of the patients poisoned in this incident were gastrointestinal symptoms. Liver function indicators showed no significant changes on the day of poisoning. On the third day after poisoning, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased sharply, subsequently leading to multiple organ failure and ultimately death despite rescue efforts. Based on morphological and molecular biological identification of the mushroom samples, the species involved in this incident was identified as L. brunneoincarnata. The causative toxins were amatoxins, with the contents of α-amanitin and β-amanitin measured at 398.70 mg/kg and 293.35 mg/kg, respectively. This is the first reported case of L. brunneoincarnata poisoning in Guizhou. Notably, the mushrooms were collected from a leisure park with high visitors flow. This report provide important reference value for the prevention and clinical management of similar poisoning incidents.

Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) an infectious disorder of the central nervous system caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, has witnessed notable diagnostic and therapeutic breakthroughs in recent years. Progress encompasses MRI-based auxiliary imaging techniques, pediatric serological panels incorporating inflammatory protein biomarkers, the introduction of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for pathogen detection, and cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 as a highly specific diagnostic indicator. On the therapeutic front, innovations include in-silico modeling of Bb for drug-target discovery, identification of Tenascin-C as a potential intervention point, and endovascular approaches for LNB-associated cerebral vasculitis. This article systematically reviews the current knowledge on epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, emerging diagnostic techniques, and evolving treatment strategies for LNB, and explores future research directions. The aim is to provide a reference for improving the diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness of LNB, ultimately enhancing patient prognosis.

Objective To analyze epidemiology trends and influencing factors of influenza (referred to as flu for short) in Guiyang City from 2014 to 2024, providing scientific evidence for influenza control and prevention in Guiyang City. Methods Influenza incidence report data and influenza pathogen typing data in Guiyang from 2014 to 2024 were collected from the "Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System", and influenza vaccination data was exported from the "Guizhou Province Immunization Program Information System". The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trend of influenza incidence, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the epidemiological characteristics of pathogens and influenza vaccination status. Results A total of 82 104 influenza cases were reported in Guiyang from 2014 to 2024, with an average annual incidence rate of 145.20/100 000. The overall incidence of influenza showed an upward trend in Guiyang from 2014 to 2024 (AAPC=50.72%, P=0.01), among which the upward trend of incidence rate in men (AAPC=49.65%, P=0.01) was consistent with that in women (AAPC=51.89%, P=0.01). Seasonal indices showed a bimodal distribution, with the peak in December in winter at 3.6, followed by a secondary peak in March of the following spring at 3.0. From 2019 to 2024, a total of 1 998 119 doses of influenza vaccine were administered in Guiyang City, with an average annual vaccination rate of 5.93%. The influenza vaccine coverage rate for entire population has consistently remained low. The incidence of influenza and vaccination rates exhibited different trends across various age groups. The incidence rate and vaccination rate showed a divergence between 5-<10 age group and 20-<30 age group, while the incidence rate and vaccination rate in other age groups tend to align. The epidemiological characteristics of influenza virus showed clear annual fluctuations and changes in virus types, with H3N2 influenza A being the predominant epidemic strain. Conclusion The overall influenza incidence has shown an upward trend in Guiyang from 2014 to 2024, with a sharp increase in incidence after 2022, closely related to public behavior, the type of pathogens, and vaccination rates. It is recommended to strengthen monitoring, track influenza epidemics, actively promote influenza vaccination campaigns, and adjust vaccination strategies promptly for different populations to effectively control the influenza epidemic.

Transmission routes are critical to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. In addition to respiratory, fecal - oral, and sexual transmission, indirect transmission of pathogens through contaminated surfaces is emerging as a potential new mode of transmission. With the continuous development of international trade, the interaction between international trade and infectious disease outbreaks is becoming increasingly close. The cross-border transmission of epidemics through contaminated goods has become a new challenge for port epidemic prevention and control. Understanding the survival time of pathogens on inanimate surfaces is of great significance for port disinfection and epidemic prevention and control.Numerous studies have described the mechanism of pathogen transmission through contaminated surfaces, and some studies have even pointed out that some infectious disease outbreaks were caused by contaminated objects. However, there has been no systematic and in-depth study on the survival of different pathogens on the surface of different subjects. In this paper, we systematically review studies on the persistence of different DNA viruses such as Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Herpesviridae, and Poxviridae, as well as RNA viruses such as Reoviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae, and Hepadnaviridae on the surface of objects, and explore the possibility of cross-border transmission through international goods, providing a reference for pandemic prevention and control at ports.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and genomic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes infection in the first case of a pregnant woman's family in Hainan Province, to understand the risk factors of infection, and put forward control and prevention measures and suggestions. Methods Field epidemiological investigation was carried out in a maternal family in Haikou,Hainan in 2021, especially to understand their dietary habits, and suspicious residual food samples, environmental samples and related human biological specimens were collected for laboratory detection. Whole genome sequencing, characteristics analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis were carried out for Listeria monocytogenes detected in all family members, to understand the genetic relationship of strains at the gene level, to identify the source of infection; Through follow-up, the health outcomes of the maternal family and the effectiveness of health education were understood. Results On October 18, 2021, the pregnant woman presented with fever, lower abdominal pain, and diarrhea, to the hospital for symptomatic treatment. The woman delivered a live female infant via cesarean section the same day, and the infant was transferred to the neonatal care. From October 20 to 21, 2021, Listeria monocytogenes were successively detected positive in the mother, the infant and the spouse. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 5 positive strains, and the results showed that one strain from non-mother-to-child transmission was serogroup Ⅱb and ST87. The four strains of serogroup Ⅱa and ST8 from mother-to-child transmission formed an independent and highly homologous evolutionary cluster, which belonged to a major branch cluster in China. The outcome of the telephone follow-up in the first half of 2025 was that the child grew up healthily, no sequelae associated with listeria disease, and changes in health-related behaviors in the family. Conclusion The diversity of dining places brings great uncertainty to food traceability. Listeria monocytogenes can infect fetus through vertical transmission from mother to child. Early identification and timely treatment in hospital are important guarantees for the recovery of the newborn. Health education promotes the formation of health-related behaviors.

Objective To systematically analyze the core influencing factors of medical consultation delay in tuberculosis (TB) patients in Huai'an City, and to construct a high-precision prediction model for medical consultation delay, thereby providing empirical evidence for optimizing TB prevention and control strategies in the agricultural areas of northern Jiangsu Province. Methods A total of 17 169 patients registered in the Tuberculosis Management Information System of Huai'an City from 2015 to 2024 were selected as the research subjects. Chi-square test and t-test were used to compare baseline and clinical characteristics. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the independent influencing factors of medical consultation delay. Meanwhile, six machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting Classification (AdaBoost), and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), were used to construct prediction models. Model performance was evaluated using indicators such as accuracy and Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results The medical consultation delay rate of TB patients in Huai'an City was 67.0% (11 496/17 169). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that actual medication management method (family member management vs. medical staff management: OR=1.598, 95%CI: 1.159-2.203, P=0.004), treatment mode (outpatient treatment vs. non-outpatient treatment: OR=4.129, 95%CI: 1.227-13.888, P=0.022), and symptom pattern (hemoptysis-related: OR=0.172, P<0.001; asymptomatic: OR=0.142, P<0.001) were independent influencing factors of medical consultation delay, while demographic characteristics such as age and gender had no significant effects. Among the machine learning models, GBDT model demonstrated optimal comprehensive performance, with an accuracy of 0.948 and an AUC value of 0.993, significantly outperforming other algorithms. Conclusion The actual medication management method, treatment mode, and symptom pattern are the key targets for regulating the medical consultation timing of TB patients in Huai'an City. This study successfully constructed six machine learning algorithm models, especially the prediction model based on the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm, which enables accurate assessment of delayed-visit risk and provides technical support for the precise prevention and control of tuberculosis in the region.