Chikungunya fever is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In the past 20 years, this disease been seriously epidemic in the Indian Ocean Region, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has led to the occurrence of imported cases at least 16 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. Among them, indigenous epidemics have occurred in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) gene sequences have been detected in serum samples from fever of unknown origin cases and mosquito specimens collected from Yunnan Province, mosquitoes from Zhejiang Province and midges from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The epidemic strains of CHIKV in China were mainly the Indian Ocean clade lineage of the East/Central/South African genotype, and the Asian genotype. Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in central, eastern and southern China, and Ae. aegypti is distributed in some parts of Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Taiwan. These two kinds of Aedes mosquitoes in China are highly susceptibility and transmissibility to CHIKV. There is still a risk of outbreak or pandemic of chikungunya fever in the distribution areas of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in China. The monitoring and management of imported cases and the control of the vector Aedes mosquitoes is an important focus of prevention and control work that needs to strengthened at present. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathogenic biology on chikungunya fever in China, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of this disease.

The human gut constitutes a complex microecosystem comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, and other microorganisms. Although the gut mycobiome accounts for a minor proportion of this ecosystem, it plays indispensable roles in regulating the host's homeostasis, immunity, and metabolism, and is associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases. In recent years, with the advancements in gut microbiome research, gut mycobiome studies have achieved significant progress, with an expanding repertoire of intestinal fungi being precisely identified. Deciphering the gut mycobiota holds profound implications for human health maintenance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the human gut mycobiome, focusing on its taxonomic composition, developmental dynamics, interkingdom interactions (fungi-bacteria and fungi-host crosstalk), and multifaceted interactions with host health. Additionally, we critically evaluate methodological innovations in gut mycobiome research, hoping to provide ideas and directions for future gut mycobiome research.

Objective This report analyzes the investigation and emergency response to a case of imported chikungunya fever, along with the monitoring of mosquito vectors in the same period, to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever. Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted in 2024 to study a case of chikungunya fever, including case search, emergency surveillance of mosquito vectors, and mosquito control measures. Pearson χ² test was used to analyze mosquito surveillance data, including larval density in different habitats. Results Investigation revealed that the case had traveled to the Maldives with his wife from May 24 to June 1, 2024. After returning to Shanghai, he developed a fever on June 3. He visited Hospital A on June 4 and received treatments, including antipyretics and psychological counseling for stress relief, with no symptom improvement. On June 5, he presented to Hospital B, where an acute-phase serum sample was collected and sent to the CDC for nucleic acid testing for both dengue and chikungunya viruses. On June 7, the laboratory confirmed a positive result for chikungunya virus nucleic acid. The patient recovered following isolation and treatment, and no secondary cases were reported. Surveillance of Aedes vectors in July showed a Breteau index (BI) of 8.85 and a mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) of 7.19. A comparison of MOI in different habitats in 2024 revealed no statistically significant difference (χ²=5.45, P>0.05). ). Mosquito control and emergency surveillance were initiated on the day of diagnosis. After three consecutive days of mosquito control measures, the BI in the core area dropped rapidly from 10 to 3 by June 11, and the human-bait tent trap index dropped from an initial 4 mosquitoes/(trap·h) to 2 mosquitoes/(trap·h). Through sustained vector control measures, the BI and tent trap indices in the core area and precautionary area were maintained within safe limits throughout the outbreak period. Conclusion There is a risk of local transmission caused by imported chikungunya fever cases in Jing'an District, Shanghai. Early diagnosis and timely implementation of mosquito control measures are essential to prevent potential local epidemics.

Objective To determine the insecticide resistance levels of rural Aedes albopictus populations in Guangzhou, assess the impact of dengue vector control on insecticide resistance, and discuss the rational use of insecticides and resistance management strategies. Methods In July 2024, larval samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from four rural residential sampling sites within a 20-40 km radius of Guangzhou (with a distance of ≥20 km between each site). In the past three years, Dongxiang and Suishi villages had reported 18 and 3 cases of dengue fever, respectively; Xinhai and Donglong villages had reported none. The insecticide resistance levels of field-collected mosquitoes across all sampling sites were evaluated against beta-cypermethrin (conventional insecticide) along with propoxur and temephos (non-conventional insecticides). Insecticide resistance was determined by the larval immersion bioassays. Using the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of a specific sampling site as the control, Probit regression analysis was conducted for each insecticide to determine whether inter-site differences in resistance were statistically significant. Results Using the LC₅₀ of the sensitive population as the base, the test insects from Dongxiang village showed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin (116.85-fold), while those from Suishi and Donglong villages showed moderate resistance (21.41-fold and 12.63-fold, respectively); the test insects from Xinhai village showed moderate resistance to temephos (10.79-fold); all four populations demonstrated low-level resistance to propoxur, with resistance ratios ranging from 3.24 to 4.42. Using Xinhai as the reference population for beta-cypermethrin, resistance in Dongxiang and Suishi was significantly higher (P<0.05). In Dongxiang, resistance to temephos and propoxur was significantly lower than that to beta-cypermethrin (P<0.05). Conclusion In rural areas of Guangzhou where dengue outbreaks have been reported, Aedes albopictus exhibits high resistance to commonly used insecticides but lower resistance to less frequently used agents. In areas without dengue cases, resistance levels to all tested insecticides remain low. Local governments should scientifically use insecticides through environmental sanitation management, insecticide combinations, insecticide rotation, or the use of synergists to avoid or delay the development of resistance in Aedes albopictus during the handling of outbreaks.

Objective To investigate the potential association between amino acid site mutations in the pre-S/S region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the progression of liver cirrhosis, providing scientific evidence for further understanding of the role of HBV mutations in disease progression and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Methods A specialized cohort of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients was established from 2018 to 2022 at Wuwei Tumor Hospital in Gansu Province, enrolling 3,882 patients who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). By the end of the follow-up period on December 31, 2022, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on serum samples to analyze the pre-S/S region of HBV. After translating the sequences and genotyping, patients with genotype C were identified. Patients with cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis were matched 1∶1 by age (±5 years) and gender. Amino acid mutation rates and Shannon entropy were calculated. A sparse logistic regression (SLR) model was constructed to analyze the characteristics of amino acids in the pre-S/S region of HBV associated with cirrhosis. Results A total of 196 patients with complete genotype C sequences were included, among whom 22 had cirrhosis and 174 did not. After matching by age (±5 years) and gender, there were 20 cases each in the cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis groups. The proportion of patients receiving antiviral therapy was statistically significantly higher in the non-cirrhosis group compared to the cirrhosis group (χ⊃2;=4.912, P<0.05). In the cirrhosis group, both the mean mutation frequency and Shannon entropy of the pre-S1 region were significantly higher than those in the non-cirrhosis group (Z=3.793, 3.057, P<0.05). Eight amino acid sites exhibited statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies between the two groups, of which six were validated as effective mutation sites. Specifically, the mutation frequencies at sites T68, G73, M120, and G318 were significantly higher in the cirrhosis group compared to the non-cirrhosis group (Z=2.029, 2.191, 2.299, 2.029, P<0.05), whereas the frequencies at sites T84, L267, L283, and N380 were significantly lower (Z=2.380, 2.056, 2.353, 2.462, P<0.05). The established SLR model identified the mutation frequency at site N380 as having the highest contribution degree (Z=2.462, P<0.05), while the contribution of other indicators, though ranked among the top 10, showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion Mutations in the amino acid sites of the pre-S/S region of HBV may influence the progression of cirrhosis, with higher mutation frequencies in the pre-S1 region being associated with an increased likelihood of cirrhosis. The application of the SLR model provides a new direction for predicting cirrhosis and precision treatment.

Objective To understand the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 in Longgang District, Shenzhen City, in 2023, and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention of influenza A/H3N2 in the region. Methods Nucleic acid detection and virus isolation were conducted on throat swab samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) cases monitored by 5 sentinel hospitals and 233 school cluster epidemics in Longgang District in 2023. Based on the epidemic pattern of H3N2 positive samples in 2023, a total of 10 representative strains of influenza A virus (H3N2) were selected from four quarters of year for whole genome sequencing and protein structure prediction. Bioinformatics softwares, including FastTree, AlphaFold2, and NetNGlyc, were utilized to analyze genetic evolution characteristics and evaluate vaccine efficacy (VE). Results In 2023, 2 841 ILI samples were tested in the district, and positive rate of influenza A/H3N2 was 16% (461/2 841), which was dominant in the young and middle-aged influenza positive group (15-<55 years old). HA genes of the 10 selected viruses belonged to 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1b and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1, while NA genes belonged to B.2 and B.4.3. Among them, HA genes of 9 strains exhibited an evolutionary relationship distinct from that of NA genes, suggesting potential genetic reassortment. Mutations of A epitope N138D, B epitope I156K, and D epitope I208F were identified at HA antigenic sites, with VE (100%) values ranging from 74% to 84%. Glycosylation site analysis revealed that a total of 7 conserved sites with strong potential were located in HA and NA genes, including NST24-26, NGT38-40, NCT79-81, NVT181-183, NGS301-303, NIT61-63 and NGT234-236. No resistance mutation sites to oseltamivir were detected in NA sequences. Conclusion The H3N2 virus genomes in Longgang District underwent a branching evolution in 2023, which may lead to reduce vaccine efficacy due to antigenic drift. There is an urgent need for new broad-spectrum vaccines and prevention, control and publicity of influenza transmission should be strengthened in the district; meanwhile, it is essential to initiate the establishment of influenza A virus genome surveillance network to provide basic information of potential value for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of severe influenza.

Vector Aedes mosquitoes can transmit a wide array of pathogens and therefore pose a serious threat to public health. Controlling Aedes mosquito population is an important way of interrupting the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Long-term large-scale use of chemical insecticides not only damages the environment and endangers human health, but also leads to insecticide resistance in wild mosquito populations, thereby increasing the challenges of mosquito control. To slow down the emergence of drug resistance and achieve sustainable, eco-friendly management, modern green control strategies regard the "human-environment-vector" system as an integrated whole, seeking to curb Aedes vectors effectively while simultaneously protecting human health and conserving ecological integrity. This review introduces the strategy of green governance from four perspectives: reducing environmental tolerance, controlling Aedes mosquito population through food-web manipulation and biotechnological measures, employing environmentally friendly insecticidal formulations, and enhancing resident education. It further discusses the latest research and application advancements in Aedes mosquito control, encompassing the incompatible insect technique, sterile insect technique, genetic engineering, microbial insecticides, and insect growth regulators. Green governance strategies for Aedes mosquito vectors are expected to provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation of mosquito-borne disease prevention and control programs.

Mpox virus, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years due to its recurrent global outbreaks, posing a serious threat to human health. Currently, pathogen detection methods are widely used to confirm infections and classify mpox virus strains, thereby facilitating the study of its epidemiological characteristics. However, these approaches fail to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between the host immune system and the virus. With the development of immunological detection technologies, an increasing number of methods for evaluating host immune responses have been developed, playing a critical role in the disease diagnosis, prevention, control, and vaccine development for mpox. This article comprehensively dissects the immunological testing landscape from various perspectives: protein detection (antigens, antibodies, and cytokines), cellular immune characteristics (T-cell epitope recognition and dynamic cytokine monitoring), providing detailed analysis of their detection principles, clinical advantages, and technical limitations. By integrating multi-omics data and clinical validation studies, the review further outlines future development directions, including standardized detection protocol establishment, multi-modal technology integration strategies, and AI-assisted diagnostic models. These insights offer theoretical support and translational pathways for establishing a new research paradigm in mpox virus immunodiagnostic technologies.

Objective To investigate the adaptive changes and genetic mechanisms underlying Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, aiming to provide valuable insights and considerations for developing effective anti-infection strategies in this patient population. Methods A case of bronchiectasis complicated with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was collected from October 2022 to January 2024 in the central theater general hospital, during which bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected. Six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified (designated as PA-08, PA-09, PA-10, PA-11, PA-12, and PA-13 in chronological order). Subsequently, third-generation whole genome sequencing was performed to analyze genetic evolution and conduct biological phenotype identification. The aim was to elucidate the relationship between their adaptive changes and clinical outcomes. Results The genome sequencing results revealed that the aforementioned six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa originated from a common ancestor, yet their genome sizes exhibited variations of up to 1.6 Mbp. Further analysis demonstrated that PA-09, PA-10, and PA-12 all experienced a loss of a 14.47 kbp fragment encompassing 12 genes responsible for encoding pyocyanin and ferriferin, when compared to PA-08. Additionally, PA-12 also underwent a loss of a segment spanning approximately 1.5 Mbp. The distinction lies in the fact that PA-13 exhibits significant gene acquisition, with only minor fragment deletions and translocations compared to the PA-08 genome. Phenotypic analysis revealed a decrease in virulence of subsequent isolates, when compared to PA-08. E-test drug susceptibility testing demonstrated the antibacterial effect of common anti-gram-negative drugs on the above strains was related to the genome. Concurrently, as the strain's genotype and phenotype underwent changes, although patient symptoms exhibited fluctuations, overall disease progression displayed a trend of gradual exacerbation due to persistent and progressive. Conclusion The present study elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying microevolution and adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, thereby implying a close association between disease progression in bronchiectasis patients and chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective To enhance the understanding of cryptococcal meningitis and identify critically ill patients to improve clinical cure rates through describing the demographic characteristics, laboratory tests, and prognostic factors of AIDS patients complicated with cryptococcal meningitis. Methods The clinical data and laboratory tests of AIDS patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis in Yunnan Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital from June 2017 to August 2022 were retrospectively collected. Prognostic follow-up was conducted, and patients were divided into improved and mortality groups based on outcomes. Categorical variables were compared using a chi-square test, while continuous variables were analyzed with an independent sample t-test. Statistically significant variables were further incorporated into a binary logistic multivariate regression analysis (full entry method) to identify independent high-risk factors for mortality. Results A total of 111 patients with AIDS patients complicated with cryptococcal meningitis were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio was 2∶1, with 76.58% (85/111) aged 18 to 50 years. Sexual transmission accounted for 80.18% (89/111) of infection routes. The mean CD4⁺T lymphocyte count of the patients was (74.48±8.64) cells/μL, with 92.79% of patients having CD4⁺T lymphocyte counts <200 cells/μL and 52.25% <50 cells/μL. The main clinical manifestations of the patients included headache (78.38%,87/111), fever (65.77%, 73/111), and vomiting (50.45%, 56/111). The mean initial cerebrospinal fluid pressure was (260.54±71.37) cmH₂O. The overall mortality rate of the patients in this study was 24.32%. Multivariate analysis identified repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures as a protective factor, while consciousness disorder and low plasma albumin were risk factors for mortality. Conclusion AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis in this study were predominantly young and middle-aged males, presenting with headache and fever as the main clinical manifestations and exhibiting a high mortality rate. Consciousness disorder and low plasma albumin were associated with poor prognosis. Repeated therapeutic lumbar punctures, in addition to aggressive antifungal therapy, may improve survival rates.

Objective To investigate whether modulation of the host lung tissue PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling attenuates inflammation induced by Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus) infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of P. proliferus. Methods A rat model of pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by P. proliferus infection was established and treated with either the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the RXR-α agonist bexarotene for intervention. Then, whole-transcriptome sequencing of rat lung tissues was performed on the DNBSEQ platform. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to quantify the mRNA and protein expression of key target molecules of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) was used to assess the protein-protein interactions between PPAR-γ and RXR-α. The rate of fatty-acid β-oxidation in lung tissue was measured colorimetrically, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of fatty-acid β-oxidation-related genes, including Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Cpt1, Cpt1c, Cpt2, Fabp4, Fabp5, Fat4, Acox1, Rxr-α, and Rxr-b in the rat model of P. proliferus infection. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and CoIP assays showed that the mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ and RXR-α were down-regulated in rat lung tissues of the model group, whereas both bexarotene and rosiglitazone significantly restored their expression and enhanced PPAR-γ/RXR-α interaction (all P<0.05). The fatty acid β-oxidation rates of the rat lung tissues in healthy control, model, bexarotene, and rosiglitazone groups were 60 (55.76, 64.92), 44 (41.33, 47.77), 63.00 (54.00, 67.41), and 59.90 (49.60, 67.00) μmol/(min·mg), respectively. Corresponding serum IL-1 levels were 105.61 (96.52, 113.90 ), 147.54 (143.32, 182.88), 94.98 (92.85, 111.25), and 94.25 (79.61, 115.22) pmol/L; IL-6 levels were 1 398.06 (1 258.22, 2 220.21), 4 538.12 (3 427.64, 5232.93), 1 950.00 (1 429.68, 2 359.00) and 663.91 (604.67, 770.61) pg/mL; and TNF-α levels were 153.86 (136.50, 156.88), 183.1847 (169.58, 194.24), 151.78 (144.69, 162.48) and 165.90 (158.97, 171.78) pmol/L, respectively. Overall differences among the four groups were significant (H=10.45, 13.24, 19.72, and 13.59, all P<0.05); furthermore, the model group differed from the healthy control, and both treatment groups (bexarotene or rosiglitazone group) differed from the model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Activation of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling reduces the level of inflammation induced by P. proliferus infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation in rat lung tissues.

Objective To establish a real-name vaccination work system and evaluate the implementation effectiveness of real-name vaccinations. Methods Based on the on-site research of preventive vaccination and the actual work needs, a real-name vaccination system for Henan Province was developed and constructed. The Henan Provincial Immunization Planning Management System was used to collect data on real-name vaccination from July 2022 to September 2024. The progress of real-name vaccination implementation and the quality of preventive vaccination data were descriptively analyzed. Results Henan Province began implementing real-name vaccination in July 2022, achieving real-name vaccination rates of 92.29% (2.279 0 million/2.469 5 million), 95.28% (2.418 9 million/2.538 8 million), and 99.03% (2.546 2 million/2.571 2 million) by March, August, and September 2023, respectively. A total of 56.994 3 million person-times of real-name vaccination were administered across the province. As of September 30, 2024, there were 83.808 9 million real-name records in the Immunization Program Information Management System of Henan Province, with a real-name rate of 78.62% (83.808 9 million/106.599 6 million). The rate of duplicate records in the immunization program information system showed a downward trend, dropping to 1.30 per 10 000 by September 2024; the real-time entry rate exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, reaching 99.96% (3.166 2 million/31.673 2 million) in September 2024. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between the real-name vaccination rate and the real-time entry rate (correlation coefficient =0.805) as well as the duplicate record rate (correlation coefficient =-0.778), with P values both less than 0.001. Among children born between 2017 and 2023 who were vaccinated from July 2022 to September 2024, the completeness rates of basic information entered into vaccination records were 90.68%, 92.18%, 84.44%, 88.86%, 91.32%, 96.35%, and 97.53% for respective birth years. Conclusion The adoption of the second-generation resident identification card as the core identity identifier optimized the preventive vaccination process, improved the work efficiency of staff, and reduced work errors. Real-name vaccination also ensured the integrity and authenticity of key information in preventive vaccination records, providing a foundation for making vaccination more efficient, precise, and scientific.

Objective The vaginal microecology is crucial for women's reproductive health. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of microbial infections on vaginal microecology, with a particular focus on the characteristics of fungal infections and their related health effects. Methods A total of 8 750 vaginal secretion samples were collected from the gynecology outpatient department of The First Hospital of Changsha in 2024. Fluorescent microscopy was used to detect pathogen infections. Cases were divided into infection group and control group based on the pathogen infection status; and further classified into fungal positive group and fungal negative group according to the results of fungal detection. Based on the detection results, the effects of different infection types on vaginal cleanliness, pH levels, Lactobacillus abundance, and white blood cell counts were analyzed. The study focused on the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections and their co-infections with other pathogen. Results Fungal infection was the most common type of pathogen infection, accounting for 23.82% (2 084/8 750) of all tested samples. It predominantly affects young women aged 20-<30 years, with the highest detection rate observed in March. Fungal infection impacts vaginal cleanliness grading, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). In the fungal-positive group, the proportions of grade III and IV vaginal cleanliness were 54.41% and 9.74%, respectively, compared to 32.61% and 3.33% in the fungal-negative group. Additionally, the pH value in the fungal-positive group was 4.35, which was significantly lower than the 4.46 observed in the fungal-negative group (P<0.05). Furthermore, fungal infections were often accompanied by co-infections with pathogen such as Gardnerella anaerobes and trichomonads, exacerbating vaginal microecological imbalance. Conclusion This study revealed the significant impact of fungal infections on vaginal microecological imbalance, particularly in terms of vaginal cleanliness and pH levels. The findings provide important insights for the diagnosis, prevention, and intervention of vaginal microecological imbalances and are of great significance for safeguarding women's reproductive health.

Dengue fever imposes a growing global burden of disease, characterized by considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in its transmission dynamics. Epidemiological surveillance and early warning models serve as crucial tools for evaluating the risk of dengue outbreaks and transmission risks, thereby guiding subsequent targeted prevention and control efforts. This review synthesizes published studies on dengue surveillance and early warning models globally, examining their temporal and spatial distribution. It summarizes the predictive factors and modeling approaches employed in these models and evaluates the quality of the research. Meteorological and environmental variables, along with historical dengue surveillance data, are the most frequently utilized predictors. Modeling methodologies have evolved substantially, shifting from traditional time series analyses and infectious disease dynamic models to advanced machine learning techniques, with each method offering distinct advantages in various application scenarios. Future research should adhere to the reporting guidelines recommended by the recommended reporting items for epidemic forecasting and prediction research (EPIFORGE 2020) framework to improve study quality and practical value.

Objective To describe the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and the distribution of cytokines in detained populations, and to evaluate the auxiliary diagnostic value of combined cytokine detection for LTBI. Methods Newly admitted detainees from two detention facilities in Jiangsu Province, from January 2022 to January 2023, were included. LTBI screening was conducted using both the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (ESAT6-CFP10, EC) skin test and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of 12 cytokines in both the LTBI and non-LTBI groups, and the Wilcoxon test was employed to compare the differences in cytokine expression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of individual cytokines and the diagnostic value of combined detection of multiple cytokines. Results A total of 1 055 newly detained individuals were included in the study, among whom 141 cases were identified as LTBI. The LTBI group differed significantly from the non-LTBI group in terms of smoking history, alcohol consumption history, and drug use history (P<0.05). Wilcoxon analysis showed that the IL-2 level in the non-LTBI group [1.16 (0.76,2.15) pg/mL] was higher than that in the LTBI group [0.67 (0.27,1.37) pg/mL], with statistical significance (P<0.01). In addition, levels of IFN-α and IL-8 in the non-LTBI group were lower than those in the LTBI group, with values of (0.57 pg/mL vs 0.58 pg/mL, P=0.043) and (9.74 pg/mL vs 12.00 pg/mL, P=0.023), respectively. The highest AUC for a single cytokine was IL-2 (AUC=0.704, P<0.01). The combined detection of multiple cytokines (IL-2+IFN-α+IL-8) yielded an AUC of 0.714 (P<0.01). Conclusions When screening for LTBI in detained populations, particular attention should be paid to individuals with a smoking, alcohol consumption, or drug use history. During screening, if cytokine detection is performed, focusing on the combined expression levels of IL-2, IFN-α, and IL-8 may indicate latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and provide good auxiliary diagnostic value.

Objective To investigate the association between polymorphisms in ESR1 (estrogen receptor gene 1) and ESR2 (estrogen receptor gene 2) genes and risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population, thereby providing a scientific basis and strategic guidance for the precise prevention of lung cancer. Methods From January 2021 to June 2023, 445 lung cancer cases were recruited from Hainan General Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, along with 445 healthy controls matched 1∶1 by gender and age. Blood samples were collected from all participants for genomic DNA extraction. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)(rs2234693, rs9340799, rs3798577, and rs3020314 in ESR1 and rs1256049 and rs4986938 in ESR2) were analyzed using MassARRAY SNP genotyping technology. Associations between these SNPs and lung cancer susceptibility in the Hainan population were analyzed. Results Among the 445 cases, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (61.51±10.31) years; 66.29% were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and 51.46% were in stage IV. Among the 445 controls, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (58.11±10.19) years. No statistically significant differences in gender or age were observed between the two groups. Carriers of the ESR1 rs3798577 TC genotype (OR_adj: 6.000×10²¹, 95%CI: 1.100×10²¹-3.277×10²², P<0.001) or CC genotype (OR_adj:1.201×10²², 95%CI: 1.089×10²¹-1.324×10²³, P<0.001), as well as individuals with the dominant model genotype TC+CC (OR_adj: 5.174×10²¹, 95%CI: 4.695×10²⁰-5.701×10²², P<0.001), showed a markedly elevated risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population. However, stratified analyses based on gender, age, smoking status, and menopausal status revealed no significant associations between any of the six SNPs and lung cancer risk. Conclusion In the Hainan population, carriers of the TC and CC genotypes at ESR1 rs3798577 have a substantially higher risk of developing lung cancer, providing a valuable reference for the prevention and control strategies of lung cancer in Hainan.

Objective The objective of this study is to identify tuberculosis-specific biomarkers in peripheral blood by integrating bioinformatics analysis with machine learning algorithms, thereby improving the differential diagnostic efficiency between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Methods Based on the dataset GSE42834 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer were screened. Tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified using Venn diagrams. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and random forest (RF) algorithm was conducted a two-step screening of candidate genes to select core diagnostic biomarkers. The expression and diagnostic performance of these biomarkers were further validated in independent datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) using clinical cohorts (84 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 31 lung cancer cases, and 54 healthy controls). Results A total of 277 tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified. Through joint screening with LASSO algorithm and random forest algorithm, four shared signature genes (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) were selected as diagnostic biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis. When diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis by a single gene, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) values were exceeding 0.98. Analysis of validation datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) revealed significant upregulation of these genes in peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients (P<0.000 1), while their expression showed no significant differences in lung cancer patients. By collecting clinical samples for assessment of diagnostic efficiency, it was found that the expressions of Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1 were significantly higher in tuberculosis group than in healthy controls and lung cancer group (P<0.000 1). ROC analysis demonstrated that AUC values of single genes (Gbp6, Batf2, and Tap1) achieved >0.8 for discriminating tuberculosis (including both culture-negative and culture-positive cases) from lung cancer and healthy controls. When the four genes are used in combination, the model achieved an AUC of 0.99 for the overall diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (AUC for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis was>0.98). Conclusion The tuberculosis-specific gene biomarkers (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) identified in this study demonstrate high diagnostic efficacy and hold significant clinical value for differential diagnosis, offering a novel strategy for non-invasive discrimination of pulmonary tuberculosis. Future multicenter prospective studies should be conducted to validate their generalizability and explore their diagnostic specificity across other infectious diseases.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important intracellular immune sensor, and recent studies have shown that it plays a key role in various lung diseases. Lung injury and lung cancer are major health issues that lead to high mortality rates worldwide, and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Currently, research on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these diseases is gradually increasing, but related mechanisms remain unclear, especially regarding its interactions between lung injury and lung cancer. This article aims to explore the mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of lung injury and lung cancer by analyzing its activation mechanisms, its role in lung injury, and its relationship with lung cancer, revealing the potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target and biomarker. The review will incorporate the latest research findings to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of lung diseases.

Objective Based on the analysis of plague monitoring data in Ordos from 2010 to 2023, the population density and spatial distribution of Meriones unguiculatus were understood, and the correlation between rat density and spring meteorological factors was explored, providing scientific basis for the early warning and control of plague among animals. Methods Plague surveillance data were collected in Ordos from 2010 to 2023. According to the requirements of the Animal Plague Surveillance Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Otog Front Banner was used as a type Ⅰsurveillance point, and other surveillance points were used as a type Ⅱ surveillance points. Descriptive epidemiology and SPSS 25.0 were used to analyze the monitoring data, ArcGIS 10.8 was used to draw the spatial distribution map, Spearman correlation analysis was used for correlation test, and chi-square test was used for comparison of rates. Results The total density of Meriones unguiculatus was 4.08 /hm² in Ordos from 2010 to 2023. The flea infection rate was 31.04%, the difference of flea infection rate between different years was statistically significant and had a linear increase trend (χ²=943.917, χ²_trend=46.003，P<0.001). The average flea index was 0.80. And 68 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Meriones unguiculatus density was positive correlation with spring mean temperature (r=0.747, P<0.05). It was negatively correlated with the spring mean relative humidity (r=-0.678, P<0.05), spring precipitation at 20-20 (r=-0.828, P<0.05), and the spring mean 2 minutes wind speed (r=-0.780, P<0.05), but had no correlation with spring sunshine duration (P>0.05). Conclusion The plague epidemic among animals continues to exist in Ordos, posing a great threat to local residents. Health evaluation should be actively carried out to accurately judge the epidemic trend, strengthen plague surveillance and prevention, and strengthen health education to minimize the risk of human plague.

Objective This study monitored changes in resistance of Aedes albopictus to common insecticides in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, from 2022 to 2024, providing a basis for effective control of Aedes albopictus. Methods From 2022 to 2024, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus were collected from different habitats in the east, west, south, north, and central regions of Nanning using the dipping method. The samples were sent to a laboratory and raised to adulthood. After morphological identification, Aedes albopictus were mixed and reared to the F1 generation. Late third- to early fourth-instar larvae were tested for resistance using the larval immersion method, and 3-5 days old non-blood-fed female adults were tested using the adult mosquito tube contact method. Results From 2022 to 2024, the resistance ratio of Aedes albopictus larvae to propoxur was 15.92-16.77, indicating moderate resistance; the resistance ratio to fenthion was 6.06-11.36, resistance was low in 2022, showed fluctuations in 2023 (moderate resistance), and declined to low resistance in 2024. For adult mosquitoes, the 24-hour mortality rates to organophosphates such as fenitrothion, malathion, and carbamate propoxur ranged from 85.83% to 100.00%, indicating suspected resistance or susceptibility. However, the 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin ranged between 0 and 16.67%, classifying as resistant populations. The 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids like cyfluthrin and cis-cypermethrin varied from 13.33% to 80.00%, showing significant fluctuations. The population was resistant to cis-cypermethrin, and was resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin or suspected to be resistant. Conclusion Aedes albopictus larvae in Nanning exhibited varying degrees of resistance to propoxur and fenthion, while adult mosquitoes showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticide use should be adjusted based on resistance monitoring results, and resistance monitoring should continue to develop effective measures to delay resistance, enabling scientific control of Aedes albopictus.

Objective To investigate the clinical types, pathogenic bacteria and risk factors of tinea capitis in adults in Wuhan and its surrounding areas, and to provide evidence for prevention and treatment of the disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 138 cases of adult tinea capitis diagnosed by clinical and mycological examinations in the dermatology outpatient department of Wuhan No. 1 Hospital from 2011 to 2024. Additionally, 100 cases of adult non-tinea capitis patients during the same period were collected as a control group. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors of adult tinea capitis. Results Among the 138 adult tinea capitis, 14 were males（10.14%） and 124 were females（89.86%）, with a male to female ratio of 1∶8.86. The median age was 52 years old, and the most common age group for onset was 45-<75 years old. The clinical types included black-dot ringworm 102 cases (73.91%), tinea alba 20 cases (14.49%), kerion 16 cases (11.60%) and no tinea favosa. The pathogenic bacteria were Trichophytes violaceum (92/138, 66.67%), Microsporum canis (22/138, 15.94%), Trichophyton tonsurans (11/138, 7.97%), Trichophyton rubrum (9/138, 6.52%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4/138, 2.90%). No other pathogenic bacteria were observed. Chi-square test results showed statistically significant differences between tinea capitis and non-tinea capitis patients in terms of gender, concomitant ringworm, pet contact history, menopause history, chemoradiotherapy history, family gathering history, scalp traits and residence (P<0.05). Further multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female patients, contact with pets, menopause, dry or neutral scalp, and rural residence were risk factors for adult tinea capitis infection (OR>1, P<0.05). Conclusion The main clinical type of adult tinea capitis in Wuhan and its surrounding areas is tinea melanocuta caused by Trichophyton purpura. Focusing on female patients, contact with pets, menopause, dry or neutral scalp, rural areas and other risk factors is helpful for early diagnosis and standardized treatment of this disease.

Objective To analyze the associated factors of central obesity in Tibetan population in Lhasa, southwest China, and to provide scientific basis for health intervention. Methods The cross-sectional survey method was used to conduct investigations and health examinations on Tibetan residents in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region within the plateau cohort of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) in the southwest region in 2021. With central obesity as the outcome variable, the associations between factors such as personal information, physical examination data, dietary habits, and living environment of the research subjects and central obesity were analyzed. The OR values and 95%CI were calculated, and the logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors with statistical significance. Results In 2021, complete health data of 1 300 Tibetan residents were collected in Lhasa, and the prevalence rate of central obesity reached 64.15%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that obesity (OR=35.54, 95%CI: 22.66-55.75), overweight (OR=3.92, 95%CI: 2.87-5.36), age> 40 years old (OR=2.52, 95%CI:1.75-3.63), drinking butter tea (OR=2.79, 95%CI:1.87-4.16), eating coarse grains (OR=1.62, 95%CI:1.08-2.43), eating poultry (OR=1.46, 95%CI:1.01-2.11), and hypercholesterolemia (OR=2.00, 95%CI:1.12-3.59) were all associated factors for the occurrence of central obesity. The proportion of drinking butter tea daily (41.00%) in Tibetan residents is much higher than that of eating poultry (5.80%) and eating coarse grains (2.20%), and the difference is statistically significant (χ²=834.71, P<0.001). There was a dose-response relationship between the daily consumption amount of butter tea and central obesity (χ²_trend =60.41, P<0.001). Conclusion The prevalence rate of central obesity among Tibetan residents in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region is much higher than those of the national and world average levels. Except for no difference with Tibetan residents in Qinghai, it is significantly higher than that of residents in other regions and ethnic groups in China. Drinking butter tea is a unique dietary habit of Tibetans and has an important association with the high prevalence rate of central obesity. It is recommended to inform Tibetan residents of the risks of long-term consumption of butter tea and conduct appropriate interventions for people with central obesity.

Objective To explore the predictive efficacy of the carbon dioxide trap lamp method in monitoring the control level of mosquito density in urban residential environments. Methods Data on Aedes albopictus density were collected in residential areas of Dongcheng District, Beijing, using the human landing catch method and the carbon dioxide mosquito trap lamp method from July to September in 2017-2019. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the predictive efficacy of the carbon dioxide trap lamp method under varying mosquito density control levels and to determine the cut-off values corresponding to these levels. Results Among the 26 monitoring events conducted using the human landing catch method, the mosquito density failed to meet the required standard in 16 events. The highest absolute mosquito density recorded using the carbon dioxide mosquito trap lamp method reached 30.00 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1. In the residential areas of Dongcheng District, the peak activity of Aedes albopictus mainly appeared in August. Due to abnormal climate changes, the mosquito peak in 2017 was delayed to mid-September. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for the carbon dioxide trap lamp method at control levels of A (landing index≤0.5), B (landing index≤1.0), and C (landing index≤1.5) were 0.919 (sensitivity 76.2%, specificity 100.0%, cut-off value 2.50 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), 0.865 (sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 87.5%, cut-off value 3.00 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), and 0.859 (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 90.0%, cut-off value 3.13 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), respectively, with predictive performance at the A level being better than at the B and C levels. Conclusion The carbon dioxide trap lamp method demonstrated good predictive ability for different control levels of mosquitoes in urban residential areas, and its quantitative evaluation criteria can provide technical guidance and decision-making support for practical mosquito prevention and control work as well as the monitoring and early warning of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Mosquito-borne diseases, including Japanese encephalitis, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and other harmful infectious diseases, are natural focal diseases transmitted by vector female mosquitoes. These diseases pose significant global public health challenges. With climate change and the rise in international exchanges, the incidence of imported mosquito-borne diseases has occasionally surged in recent years in China. Consequently, on-site rapid detection technologies are urgently needed to control the epidemic in its early stages. The emerging point-of-care testing (POCT) technology allows for the rapid acquisition of test results directly at the sampling site using portable analytical instruments and supporting reagents. This approach facilitates the rapid, efficient, and accurate diagnosis of pathogens. Currently, POCT has been applied in multiple fields such as food safety, port quarantine, and forensic inspection, and it demonstrates considerable potential for application in the early warning of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. In recent years, research on POCT technology for mosquito-borne diseases has significantly expanded, and this paper reviews the basic concepts of POCT technology and the research progress in mosquito-borne diseases, aiming to provide a reference for peers in the field to enhance the detection of mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of confirmed mpox cases reported in Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024, so as to provide scientific basis and reference for optimizing regional mpox control and prevention strategies and dealing with emerging infectious diseases. Methods The data included individual case information and epidemiological investigation report of on the confirmed mpox cases whose current residence is in Hubei Province reported in the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System as of December 31, 2024. The epidemiological characteristics, including demographic distribution, clinical manifestations and the effect of prevention and control measures, were systematically analyzed. Results The total of 63 mpox cases confirmed in Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024 were mainly sporadic, which was concentrated from July to September 2023 and was at a low epidemic level since 2024. The main characteristics of the cases were men who have sex with men (87.3%), young adults (88.4% aged 20 to 49 years), unmarried (68.3%) and unemployed (28.8%), and 25.4% were AIDS patients. 93.7% were found through proactive medical consultation. The initial symptoms were rash (60.3%) and fever (20.6%), and the main clinical symptoms were rash (96.8%), fever (63.5%), itchy rash (27.0%), and enlarged lymph nodes (22.2%). The interval between the onset of disease to the time of medical consultation was 0-29 days, with M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 9(6, 13) days. The incubation period of the cases was 0-25 days, with M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 7(4, 10) days. After mpox was included in the management of Class B infectious diseases in China, the interval between the onset of disease to the time of medical consultation in our province was shortened. Conclusion The control and prevention of mpox in our province needs to be strengthened. We should continuously strengthen the monitoring of mpox, using the comprehensive intervention service system of AIDS prevention and treatment to provide health education for key groups such as MSM and college students, along with strengthen the training of medical staff in general hospitals.

Objective To investigate epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of Salmonella strains responsible for foodborne outbreaks, and to provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention of food-borne diseases. Methods Surveillance data of foodborne outbreak events and 66 Salmonella isolates, were collected in Changsha from 2019 to 2023. Serotypes were determined using slide agglutination tests. Antibiotic susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was tested by the microdilution broth method. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), antibiotic resistance genes, and cgMLST were analyzed by whole genome sequencing and generating phylogenetic tree to assess genetic relatedness. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 13 Salmonella-related foodborne outbreaks occurred in Changsha, the majority of outbreaks occurred in catering sector (69.23%), including central kitchens, large hotels and medium and small-sized restaurants. Baked foods and egg products were the primary contaminated foods, accounting for 63.64% and 20.32% of the total outbreaks, respectively. The 66 Salmonella isolates were classified into 4 serotypes, with Salmonella enteritidis being the predominant serotype，and ST11 were the predominant sequence type. In the antibiotic susceptibility test, the strains showed high resistance rates to streptomycin (100.00%), nalidixic acid (69.70%), and ampicillin (54.55%). Using the resFinder database, 6 antibiotic resistance genes from 4 categories were predicted, and the resistance phenotypes roughly matched the identified resistance genes. PFGE typing showed 100% similarity between strains isolated from food and patients in the same outbreak. In the cgMLST phylogenetic tree, strains from the same outbreak clustered separately, indicating genomic differences and distinct origins. Conclusion Salmonella enteritidis ST11 is a common pathogen responsible for foodborne outbreaks in Changsha. These strains exhibit multi-drug resistance and carry various resistance genes. Strengthening supervision of central kitchens and the food service industry, particularly for baked goods and egg products, is essential for controlling outbreaks.

Objective To understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022, examine their associations with environmental factors, and provide evidence for assessing the risk of secondary transmission of imported malaria and formulating control strategies. Methods An outdoor double tent human bait whole night trapping method was used to systematically collect monitoring data on Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022. Environmental variables were derived from multi-source remote-sensing datasets, including Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, the daily all-weather surface temperature dataset of China's land and surrounding areas, and ERA5-Land reanalysis data. Based on the obtained data, a descriptive analysis characterized the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of the population of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province. Subsequently, a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to investigate the correlation between environmental factors and the density of Anopheles sinensis. Results Except for 2020, the seasonal variation trend of the density of Anopheles sinensis showed a unimodal pattern in all other years, with the peak density occurring in July. In 2019, the density of Anopheles sinensis was the highest [2.62 mosquitoes/(person·hour)]. Temperature, humidity, rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and waterbody area were all significant nonlinear explanatory indicators for the density of Anopheles sinensis (all P<0.05). NDVI, Rainfall, and temperature displayed significant lag effects on the density of Anopheles sinensis, whereas humidity was associated with density only in the absence of lag (F=15.42, P=0.003), and lost relevance after a one-month lag (F=1.94, P=0.082). The greatest impacts were observed at an NDVI of 0.35 and a monthly rainfall of 110 mm, beyond which their effects diminished. Conclusions Anopheles sinensis density in Anhui Province is strongly influenced by environmental factors, among which the density of Anopheles sinensis is much influenced by waterbody area, humidity, temperature, NDVI, and rainfall. In the future, integrating environmental data could enhance malaria re-transmission risk surveillance and guide the development of targeted control measures in Anhui Province.

Objective To analyze the whole genome sequence of a GⅠ type norovirus in Qinghai region, understand its genetic structure and evolutionary characteristics, and we accumulated molecular epidemiological basic data on GⅠ type norovirus infection in our province. Methods Using Qinghai Women and Children's Hospital as a monitoring SITE, we conducted virus diarrhea monitoring for hospitalized children under 5 years old with diarrhea according to the requirements of the "National Viral Diarrhea Monitoring Plan" (2021 edition) in 2023. We used fluorescence quantitative PCR to detect case samples and screened a GⅠ type Norovirus (QH2023/23-24) with Ct value ≤ 30 for whole genome sequencing. The sequencing results were analyzed using phylogenetic tree analysis, homology analysis, and amino acid variation site analysis. Results The positivity rate of GⅠ type norovirus in 2023 was 3.33% (6/180), and phylogenetic analysis showed that QH2023/23-24 strains of GⅠ type norovirus were GⅠ.3[P13] type. The VP1 and RdRp regions of this virus strain are closely related to the PP584624.1 isolated in Thailand in 2023. Compared with the PP584624.1 isolated in Thailand in 2023, the amino acid sequence of the capsid VP1 region has one site change, M2V; and compared with the PQ632217.1 isolated in Zhejiang China in 2019, it has three site changes, M2V, T27A, and I237L. Conclusion For the first time, whole genome sequencing has been used to identify the genotype of GⅠ type Norovirus in our province. Sequence analysis shows that the virus strain (QH2023/23-24) is GⅠ.3[P13], which is the dominant strain prevalent in China. This study provides a sequence reference for study of the molecular evolution characteristics of norovirus in China. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of norovirus in the local area and provide theoretical basis for epidemic control and prevention.

Objective To evaluate the application value of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) in the differential diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. Methods In this retrospective study, 506 samples, including sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and other types, were collected from 466 hospitalized patients with suspected mycobacterial infection admitted to Guangzhou Chest Hospital between August 2023 and January 2025. MTBC and NTM were differentially diagnosed using tNGS and traditional diagnostic methods (smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture with species identification, and molecular biology testing), and the detection efficacy of tNGS was evaluated. Results The detection rate of MTBC using the tNGS method was 30.27%, higher than the 26.99% achieved by culture identification/molecular biology, although the difference was not statistically significant （χ²=1.28，P>0.05）. The detection rate for NTM using tNGS was 28.83%. The detection rates of MTBC through tNGS in sputum, BALF, and other samples, were 37.50%, 28.07%, and 36.84%, respectively, all consistently higher than those obtained by culture identification/molecular biology methods (35.42%, 25.13%, and 21.05%, respectively), but the differences did not achieve statistical significance （χ²=0.09，0.83，1.15，P>0.05）. Additionally, among the 148 patients identified as MTBC-positive using tNGS, 47.97% were confirmed as MTBC by mycobacterial culture identification, 4.06% as NTM, and 47.97% were culture-negative. The tNGS sequence reads in culture-positive MTBC samples were significantly higher than those in the culture-negative group（Z=-3.05，P<0.05）. The tNGS sequence reads in the smear-positive and molecular biology-positive groups were also significantly higher than those in the corresponding negative groups（Z=-4.99，-3.19，P<0.05）. Using culture identification/molecular biology as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa value of tNGS for detecting MTBC were 84.85%, 89.92%, and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion The tNGS technology demonstrates high sensitivity and rapidity for MTBC detection, providing effective support for early differential diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Objective To investigate density, distribution, population composition, and seasonal fluctuations of mosquito in different habitats in Nanchang city of Jiangxi province, and to provide a scientific basis for effective control and prevention of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods Mosquito-borne disease vector monitoring was carried out in habitats such as residential areas, parks, hospitals, farmers' households and livestock sheds in Nanchang city, 2018-2023 by using mosquito traps. Monitoring was conducted twice a month from March to November, once in the first ten days and once in the last ten days of each month. The monitoring results were then summarized and analyzed. The rank sum test for completely randomized design (Krusal-Wallis H) was adopted to compare the differences in mosquito density among different years, different months and different habitats. The chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the composition ratio of mosquitoes among different years. Results A total of 269 587 adult mosquitoes were captured, and the overall average density was 46.34 mosquitoes per lamp per night. The fluctuation of mosquito density showed a unimodal trend as a whole, with the peak in June. The average mosquito density showed a downward trend among different years, but the difference was not statistically significant (H=1.890, df=5, P=0.864). There were statistically significant differences in mosquito density among different months (H=47.448, df=8, P<0.001), and there were also statistically significant differences in mosquito density among different habitats (H=87.876, df=4, P<0.001). Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the dominant mosquito species in residential areas, parks and hospitals, while Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species in farmers' households and livestock sheds. The period from June to September each year was the peak period for adult mosquito density, and there was a significant decline in October. The mosquito density in livestock sheds 470.15 mosquitoes per lamp per night was significantly higher than that in other habitats. Over the past six years, the proportions of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus increased year by year, the proportion of Anopheles sinensis first increased and then decreased (with the highest proportion in 2021), the proportion of Culex tritaeniorhynchus decreased year by year, and the proportion of Armigeres subalbatus fluctuated at a low level. Conclusions The overall density of mosquito vector in Nanchang City shows a decreasing trend year by year, with Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are the dominant mosquito species in the local area. The peak period of mosquito density is from June to September, and livestock sheds and farmers are high-risk areas for mosquito infestation. In order to prevent outbreak or spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, it is necessary to continue to strengthen ecological monitoring of key mosquito vector areas and take effective control measures in time based on monitoring results.

Objective We aimed to analyze epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of mpox cases in the Tianjin between 2023 and 2024, and to provide scientific basis for control and prevention of mpox. Methods The mpox cases were selected with current residence in Tianjin, reported by the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System between 2023 and 2024. Descriptive data was used to analyze demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases. The t-test was used to compare incubation in different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection states, paired t-tests was conducted to analyze the CT values of different samples, as well as the χ² test for delayed diagnosis and first diagnosis reporting rates between 2023 and 2024. Results From June 2023 to December 2024, a total of 60 mpox cases were reported in Tianjin, with 58 cases included in this study (excluding 2 cases who refused epidemiological investigation). All cases were young to middle-aged males, and 89.66% belonged to men who have sex with men (MSM) population, 93.10% had a history of homosexual contact within 21 days before onset. The average incubation period for mpox cases was 8 days, and all cases presented with skin rashes in different locations, with genital rashes being the most common (62.07%). The initial symptoms in 58 mpox cases were primarily rash affecting various body areas (44 cases, 75.86%), followed by fever (12 cases, 20.69%). The viral load of herpes fluid specimens was significantly higher than that of throat swab specimens (P<0.05). Additionally, the first diagnosis reporting rate in infectious disease hospitals was significantly higher than that in non-infectious disease hospitals (P<0.05). Conclusion The mpox epidemic is mainly transmitted in MSM population in Tianjin, and the viral load in the herpes fluid of mpox patients is significantly higher than that in throat swab samples, and hospitals for infectious diseases have a higher rate of first diagnosis reporting. It is suggested that health publicity, education and monitoring of mpox control and prevention should be focused on MSM population, and the training of clinical doctors in non-communicable disease hospitals on diagnosis reports should be strengthened.

Objective To construct a mortality risk prediction model for death of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and evaluate predictive efficacy of the model, aiming to provide scientific basis for reducing the mortality rate of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Methods This study used a retrospective analysis method to organize the data of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients admitted to the ICU of Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center from 2016 to 2020. All cases were randomly divided into a modeling group and a validation group according to a 7:3 ratio. A risk prediction model was constructed using logistic regression analysis, and a colored column chart was drawn. In addition, the study further validated the model and plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the predictive efficiency of column chart. Results A total of 852 cases were collected, of which 597 patients were included in modeling group, with 109 deaths (18.26%), while 41 deaths (16.08%) in validation group of 255 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of modeling group revealed that sputum smear positivity, shorter hospital stay, severe pneumonia, fungal infection, advanced age, low levels of albumin, and high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were independent risk factors for mortality in severe pulmonary tuberculosis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model group was 0.905 (95%CI: 0.874-0.935), the sensitivity was 0.890（95%CI：0.831-0.949）, the specificity was 0.828（95%CI：0.794-0.861）, and the C-index was 0.905 (95%CI: 0.875-0.935); The AUC of the validation group was 0.893 (95%CI: 0.837-0.949), the sensitivity was 0.902（95%CI：0.812-0.993）, the specificity was 0.832（95%CI：0.782-0.882)， and the C-index was 0.893 (95%CI: 0.838-0.948). The decision curve chart (DCA) indicated that the accuracy and net benefit of the model's application are relatively high within the range of 0-1 of the diagnostic probability for patients in the modeling and validation groups. Conclusion The death prediction model for severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in ICU treatment based on column charts demonstrates excellent discriminative ability and accuracy, and shows great clinical potential in identifying high-risk death patients. This helps to develop effective intervention measures for severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the ICU, thereby reducing mortality rates.

Objective To understand the molecular transmission characteristics of newly reported HIV-1 infected individuals in Hebei Province from 2022 to 2023, analyze the transmission network, identify high-risk cases with a degree value ≥ 4, as well as the transmission of drug-resistant strains, so as to provide a reference for precise HIV intervention. Methods Plasma samples of newly reported HIV-1 infected individuals in Hebei Province from 2022 to 2023 were collected. The HIV-1 pol region gene was amplified through reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction and drug resistance mutation analysis was used by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. The molecular transmission network was constructed using the TN93 model to analyze the high-risk transmission clusters. Logistic regression was used to analyze potential risk factors of the molecular transmission network (with the number of nodes ≥2). Arcgis analysis was carried out to display cross-city transmission intensity of HIV-1 infected individuals. Results Among the 555 HIV-1 infected individuals, the majority were male, Han ethnicity, and the transmission route was through homosexual. A total of 12 genotypes were identified. Among them, the main HIV-1 strains were CRF01_AE (46.7%) and CRF07_BC (38.7%). The drug resistance rate was 8.3%, and the most common drug resistance mutations were K103N (1.3%), followed by E138G (0.7%). Under the 1.5% gene threshold, a total of 182 sequences entered the molecular transmission network, forming 61 transmission clusters, with a network entry rate of 32.8%(182/555). The cases were mainly male (93.4%) and the transmission route was through homosexual (81.9%), It involved 11 cities and showed cross-regional transmission characteristics, and there were 13 cases with high transmission risk (degree ≥ 4 ). A total of 18 sequences carrying drug-resistant mutation sites were identified in 9 transmission clusters. Among them, the E138G drug-resistant mutation site was found to be spreading in a CRF07_BC transmission cluster (the number of nodes = 5). Multivariate logistic regression showed that clustering rate of student was higher than that of farmers (aOR=3.20, 95%CI:1.46-7.04); CRF01_AE (aOR=2.83, 95%CI:1.26-6.35) and CRF07_BC (aOR=3.60, 95%CI:1.60-8.12) had a higher clustering rate compared with the novel recombinant strains. In terms of regional transmission, the cross-city connections in the central and southern cities of Hebei Province were more frequent compared with northeastern cities. Conclusion We have identified high-risk populations and drug-resistant transmission clusters through the molecular transmission network. Strengthening precise intervention measures such as antiviral treatment and follow-up for high-risk populations is of great significance for controlling transmission of HIV and drug-resistant strains in Hebei Province.

Objective To investigate the differences in the fungal microbiota structure of scalp lesions in psoriasis patients before and after IL-17A inhibitor treatment, compared to the scalp surface of healthy individuals, to provide support for the development of new treatment or auxiliary programs. Methods The study included 17 patients with scalp psoriasis who were treated with IL-17A inhibitors in The Fifth People's Hospital of Hainan, from Jan. to Sep. 2024. Samples were collected before treatment (M0), at 4 weeks (M4), and at 12 weeks (M12) of treatment. Additionally, 10 healthy individuals of the same age group were included as controls. The study observed the therapeutic effects and improvements in skin lesions following IL-17A inhibitor treatment. Microbial samples from the scalp lesions of the participants were collected. Using ITS amplicon sequencing technology, the samples underwent DNA extraction, PCR amplification, library construction, and high-throughput sequencing. The sequencing results were annotated, and the data were analyzed using bioinformatics and medical statistical methods. Results Among the 17 patients treated with IL-17A inhibitors for 12 weeks, 2 cases achieved complete remission, 13 showed significant remission, and 2 had partial remission, resulting in a total effective rate of 100.00%. After treatment with IL-17A inhibitors, there was no significant difference in the α-diversity analysis of fungal communities among the groups(P>0.05). β-diversity analysis indicated that the fungal microecology of the scalp in psoriasis patients improved as the treatment progressed. Analysis of differential species between groups revealed that after biologic treatment, the relative abundance of Malasseziales decreased at the genus level, while the relative abundance of Curvularia, Grammothele, Trametes, and Aureobasidium increased, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion The IL-17A inhibitor has a significant therapeutic effect on psoriasis vulgaris. There are certain differences in the scalp microecology between patients with psoriasis vulgaris and healthy people, and scalp microecology tends to return to normal after treatment with IL-17A inhibitor.

Objective This study aimed to establish a predictive model for early diagnosis of HIV/AIDS patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is of positive significance for the timely treatment and reduction of mortality. Methods Hospitalization records of HIV/AIDS patients were collected retrospectively in the Fourth People's Hospital in Nanning, Guangxi, from November 2011 to June 2019. Clinical features were selected to train seven machine models by feature engineering, and a series of metrics such as area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score were used to evaluate model performance to elect the best predictive model. The SHapley Additive exPlanations tool was used to evaluate the impact of each individual on the model, and case misclassification analysis was used to analyze clinical characteristics of misclassified patients. Results A total of 3 231 HIV/AIDS patients and 1 077 HIV/AIDS patients with PCP were included after screening cases and propensity score matching. The combined evaluation of forecasting effects of seven models revealed that the CatBoost model was the better model in this study (Sensitivity_train/test=0.795 5/0.703 7, Sepcificity _train/test=0.999 1/0.967 0, AUC_train/test=0.993 9/0.923 0, F1-score_train/test=0.884 8/0.780 8). SHAP assessment revealed that white blood cells and lactate dehydrogenase were the two critical features. Case misclassification analysis found that accuracy of CatBoost model in training and test sets were 94.83% and 90.10%. Conclusion The CatBoost model has the potential to be applied in the early diagnosis of HIV/AIDS patients with PCP, which is of positive significance for the timely treatment, improvement of prognosis and reduction of mortality.

Objective This study aims to observe the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar epithelial cells by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in vitro, and to explore a new mechanism by which LPA leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Human AT2-derived A549 cells were cultured in vitro, and divided into negative control group, positive control group (TGF-β1) and LPA experimental group. The morphological changes of cells in each group were observed. The expressions of epithelial cell markers (CK-19 and E-cadherin), mesenchymal markers (vimentin) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by immunofluorescence. The mRNA and protein expression of CK-19 and E-cadherin, Vimentin and α-SMA in each group were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Results After A549 cells were induced by LPA in vitro, their cell morphology changed from epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, the cell polarity disappeared, and showed a spindle-shaped change. Immunofluorescence suggested that after LPA and TGF-β1 respectively induced A549 cells, the fluorescence expressions of CK-19 and E-cadherin were weakened, while the fluorescence expressions of vimentin and α-SMA were enhanced. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that after LPA induced A549, mRNA levels of epithelial markers CK-19 and E-cadherin in A549 cells were downregulated, whereas mRNA expression levels of mesenchymal markers Vimentin and α-SMA were upregulated. Western blotting further showed that after LPA induced A549, the protein level of epithelial marker CK-19 showed a time-dependent decrease, while E-cadherin protein expression also declined but without a time-dependent pattern. In contrast, TGF-β1 induction A549 resulted in time-dependent downregulation of both CK-19 and E-cadherin protein levels, accompanied by time-dependent upregulation of Vimentin and α-SMA protein expression. Conclusion LPA induces EMT of AT2 cells in vitro, providing new evidence for the mechanism of LPA in promoting pulmonary fibrosis and a theoretical basis for the potential therapeutic value of lipid mediators in pulmonary fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors for tuberculosis associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in AIDS patients, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of this disease. Methods This retrospective study included AIDS patients with tuberculosis who were admitted to a designated AIDS hospital in Guangzhou between June 2020 and February 2024. Patients were divided into TB-IRIS and Non-IRIS groups based on whether they developed IRIS after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Baseline clinical data at admission, IRIS onset data, and ART regimens were collected to analyze the clinical features and baseline risk factors of TB-IRIS. Results A total of 222 AIDS patients with tuberculosis were included, with 58(26.1%) developing TB-IRIS. The median time of IRIS onset was 17(11, 29) days. Key symptoms included recurrent fever (89.7%), worsening respiratory symptoms (43.1%), and superficial lymphadenopathy (19.0%). Compared to the Non-IRIS group, the TB-IRIS group had higher baseline levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ (1.4 pg/mL vs. 0.8 pg/mL, P=0.024; 8.1 pg/mL vs. 2.9 pg/mL, P=0.008). The ART regimens showed no significant differences between the groups (P>0.05); however, the interval between anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) initiation and ART initiation was shorter in the TB-IRIS group than that in the Non-IRIS group (10 vs. 14 days, P=0.014), with 60.4% developing IRIS within 2 to 3 weeks of ART initiation. At IRIS onset, the TB-IRIS group showed a significantly higher CD4⁺T lymphocyte count than the Non-IRIS group (143 cells/μL vs. 94 cells/μL, P=0.021), as well as a more significant increase in both CD4⁺T cell count and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio from baseline compared to the Non-IRIS group (91 cells/μL vs. 37 cells/μL, P<0.001; 0.14 vs. 0.07, P=0.006). Multivariate analysis indicated that baseline CD4⁺T lymphocyte count below 50 cells/μL and an ATT-to-ART interval of less than 10 days were associated with a higher likelihood of developing IRIS (OR=4.02, P=0.029; OR=2.06, P=0.044). Conclusion AIDS patients with tuberculosis who experience recurrent tuberculosis symptoms or rapid immune reconstitution within 2 to 3 weeks of ART initiation should be monitored for possible IRIS. For HIV-positive patients should avoid progressing to advanced stage before ART is initiated, and patients with combined TB should be treated with anti-tuberculosis therapy for 10 days before ART is initiated, and these measures can help to reduce the incidence of IRIS.

Objective To understand the regulatory role of BprsE on Burkholderia pseudomallei (BP), and reveal the impact of BprsE on the physiological and pathological characteristics of BP. Methods A BprsE deletion strain (∆BprsE) was constructed by homologous recombination of the nutrient-deficient strain HNBP001, and subsequently ∆BprsE was compared with HNBP001 for multiple phenotypes. In the antibiotic susceptibility test, the responses of the two strains to different antibiotics were evaluated by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), so as to find out whether the BprsE deletion affected the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria. To study the motility, the ability of the bacteria to move around in soft agar medium, the two strains were spot-cultured onto soft agar plates and the diameter of the bacterial circle was measured, and the spreading and formation of bacterial circles were observed. The bacterial mobility was quantified by observing the spreading of bacterial rings and measuring the diameter of the rings. The biofilm formation was determined by crystal violet staining, and the amount of biofilm formation was assessed by staining and measuring the absorbance of the biofilm. The bacterial growth curve was measured by multifunctional enzyme labeling instrument, which reflected the bacterial growth by real-time monitoring of the change of absorbance in the culture solution, and then determined whether the deletion of the BprsE gene affected the growth rate of bacteria. Results A BprsE deletion strain was successfully constructed through agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Compared to the the nutrient-deficient strain HNBP001, the ΔBprsE strain exhibited increased resistance to cefotaxime, amikacin, and aztreonam. The diameter of the motility circle of ΔBprsE was reduced at 16 h, and the motility was weakened; the growth rate of ΔBprsE was lower than that of HNBP001 at the high salt concentration of 620 mmol/L; there was no statistically significant difference in the growth rate and biofilm changes at different temperatures. Conclusion BprsE affects the mechanism of Bp drug resistance and the regulation of motility-related genes, the successful construction of a BprsE deletion strain provides a foundation for studying the specific regulatory mechanisms of sRNA in Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Objective An investigation and analysis were conducted on a dengue fever outbreak that occurred at a construction site in Bao'an District, Shenzhen City in September 2024, to explore the application effectiveness of novel vector surveillance and insecticide resistance detection. Methods Dengue case data were gathered through epidemiological investigations, while mosquito density was monitored using the novel MS-300 vector surveillance technology and compared with the conventional breteau index (BI) method. The resistance of Aedes albopictus to pyrethroid insecticides was assessed by identifying mutations at position 1534 of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene. Results The epidemic persisted for 40 days, with 126 cases reported and an incidence rate of 6.94%. Dengue virus type Ⅱ (DENV-2) was identified as the main pathogen. Mosquito vector monitoring in the core area of the construction site revealed a declining trend in the number of mosquitoes captured daily by BI (from 18.00) and MS-300 (3 mosquitoes per day) starting from September 8. The 24-hour dynamic monitoring data of MS-300 demonstrated a double-peak pattern of mosquito activity at the epidemic site, with peak periods concentrated in the periods of 7:30-8:00 and 16:00-19:00. Detection of the VGSC gene at position 1534 locus in Aedes albopictus larvae collected from the epidemic site indicated two mutations, TGC (F1534C) and TCC (F1534S), suggesting resistance of the mosquito population to pyrethroid insecticides. Conclusion The preliminary application of MS-300 technology at this construction site enables online real-time, dynamic monitoring of mosquito vector activity. Combined with the detection of mosquito resistance, it provides a scientific basis for optimizing the prevention and control strategies for dengue fever at the grassroots level, constructing a more effective dengue fever prevention and control mechanism.

Objective To systematically analyze the treatment outcomes and their influencing factors among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in Nanchang City from 2019 to 2023, thereby providing scientific evidence for developing targeted interventions and optimizing treatment protocols. Methods Using registration date and current management region as screening criteria, case data on pulmonary TB patients registered in Nanchang City from 2019 to 2023 were exported from the Tuberculosis Information Management System, a subsystem of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System under the National Health Security Informatization Project. Statistical analyses were performed using χ² tests and logistic regression. Results A total of 16 090 TB patients were included, among whom 15 577 cases achieved successful treatment, yielding a cure rate of 96.81%. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients aged 35-64 years (OR=3.951, 95%CI: 2.411-6.476) and ≥65 years (OR=13.814, 95%CI: 8.577-22.250), those referred through referral/tracking/recommendation/other (OR=1.261, 95%CI: 1.016-1.567), retreatment cases (OR=2.010, 95%CI: 1.556-2.596), bacteriologically confirmed cases (OR=1.692, 95%CI: 1.395-2.052), and non-primary healthcare management cases (OR=53.579, 95%CI: 33.040-86.885) were all significantly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. In contrast, female gender (OR=0.556, 95%CI: 0.435-0.710) and absence of comorbidities (OR=0.541, 95%CI: 0.349-0.838) were associated with higher cure rates. Conclusion From 2019 to 2023, treatment outcomes of TB patients in Nanchang City were significantly associated with age, gender, patient source, treatment type, bacteriological results, whether they were managed at the primary care level, and presence of comorbidities. Therefore, developing personalized intervention measures and management strategies based on patient characteristics could effectively improve treatment success rates and optimize TB prevention and control efforts.