Chikungunya fever is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In the past 20 years, this disease been seriously epidemic in the Indian Ocean Region, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and has led to the occurrence of imported cases at least 16 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. Among them, indigenous epidemics have occurred in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) gene sequences have been detected in serum samples from fever of unknown origin cases and mosquito specimens collected from Yunnan Province, mosquitoes from Zhejiang Province and midges from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The epidemic strains of CHIKV in China were mainly the Indian Ocean clade lineage of the East/Central/South African genotype, and the Asian genotype. Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in central, eastern and southern China, and Ae. aegypti is distributed in some parts of Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan and Taiwan. These two kinds of Aedes mosquitoes in China are highly susceptibility and transmissibility to CHIKV. There is still a risk of outbreak or pandemic of chikungunya fever in the distribution areas of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in China. The monitoring and management of imported cases and the control of the vector Aedes mosquitoes is an important focus of prevention and control work that needs to strengthened at present. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathogenic biology on chikungunya fever in China, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of this disease.

Objective To determine the insecticide resistance levels of rural Aedes albopictus populations in Guangzhou, assess the impact of dengue vector control on insecticide resistance, and discuss the rational use of insecticides and resistance management strategies. Methods In July 2024, larval samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from four rural residential sampling sites within a 20-40 km radius of Guangzhou (with a distance of ≥20 km between each site). In the past three years, Dongxiang and Suishi villages had reported 18 and 3 cases of dengue fever, respectively; Xinhai and Donglong villages had reported none. The insecticide resistance levels of field-collected mosquitoes across all sampling sites were evaluated against beta-cypermethrin (conventional insecticide) along with propoxur and temephos (non-conventional insecticides). Insecticide resistance was determined by the larval immersion bioassays. Using the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of a specific sampling site as the control, Probit regression analysis was conducted for each insecticide to determine whether inter-site differences in resistance were statistically significant. Results Using the LC₅₀ of the sensitive population as the base, the test insects from Dongxiang village showed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin (116.85-fold), while those from Suishi and Donglong villages showed moderate resistance (21.41-fold and 12.63-fold, respectively); the test insects from Xinhai village showed moderate resistance to temephos (10.79-fold); all four populations demonstrated low-level resistance to propoxur, with resistance ratios ranging from 3.24 to 4.42. Using Xinhai as the reference population for beta-cypermethrin, resistance in Dongxiang and Suishi was significantly higher (P<0.05). In Dongxiang, resistance to temephos and propoxur was significantly lower than that to beta-cypermethrin (P<0.05). Conclusion In rural areas of Guangzhou where dengue outbreaks have been reported, Aedes albopictus exhibits high resistance to commonly used insecticides but lower resistance to less frequently used agents. In areas without dengue cases, resistance levels to all tested insecticides remain low. Local governments should scientifically use insecticides through environmental sanitation management, insecticide combinations, insecticide rotation, or the use of synergists to avoid or delay the development of resistance in Aedes albopictus during the handling of outbreaks.

Objective This report analyzes the investigation and emergency response to a case of imported chikungunya fever, along with the monitoring of mosquito vectors in the same period, to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever. Methods An epidemiological investigation was conducted in 2024 to study a case of chikungunya fever, including case search, emergency surveillance of mosquito vectors, and mosquito control measures. Pearson χ² test was used to analyze mosquito surveillance data, including larval density in different habitats. Results Investigation revealed that the case had traveled to the Maldives with his wife from May 24 to June 1, 2024. After returning to Shanghai, he developed a fever on June 3. He visited Hospital A on June 4 and received treatments, including antipyretics and psychological counseling for stress relief, with no symptom improvement. On June 5, he presented to Hospital B, where an acute-phase serum sample was collected and sent to the CDC for nucleic acid testing for both dengue and chikungunya viruses. On June 7, the laboratory confirmed a positive result for chikungunya virus nucleic acid. The patient recovered following isolation and treatment, and no secondary cases were reported. Surveillance of Aedes vectors in July showed a Breteau index (BI) of 8.85 and a mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) of 7.19. A comparison of MOI in different habitats in 2024 revealed no statistically significant difference (χ²=5.45, P>0.05). ). Mosquito control and emergency surveillance were initiated on the day of diagnosis. After three consecutive days of mosquito control measures, the BI in the core area dropped rapidly from 10 to 3 by June 11, and the human-bait tent trap index dropped from an initial 4 mosquitoes/(trap·h) to 2 mosquitoes/(trap·h). Through sustained vector control measures, the BI and tent trap indices in the core area and precautionary area were maintained within safe limits throughout the outbreak period. Conclusion There is a risk of local transmission caused by imported chikungunya fever cases in Jing'an District, Shanghai. Early diagnosis and timely implementation of mosquito control measures are essential to prevent potential local epidemics.

Objective To understand the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 in Longgang District, Shenzhen City, in 2023, and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention of influenza A/H3N2 in the region. Methods Nucleic acid detection and virus isolation were conducted on throat swab samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) cases monitored by 5 sentinel hospitals and 233 school cluster epidemics in Longgang District in 2023. Based on the epidemic pattern of H3N2 positive samples in 2023, a total of 10 representative strains of influenza A virus (H3N2) were selected from four quarters of year for whole genome sequencing and protein structure prediction. Bioinformatics softwares, including FastTree, AlphaFold2, and NetNGlyc, were utilized to analyze genetic evolution characteristics and evaluate vaccine efficacy (VE). Results In 2023, 2 841 ILI samples were tested in the district, and positive rate of influenza A/H3N2 was 16% (461/2 841), which was dominant in the young and middle-aged influenza positive group (15-<55 years old). HA genes of the 10 selected viruses belonged to 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1b and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1, while NA genes belonged to B.2 and B.4.3. Among them, HA genes of 9 strains exhibited an evolutionary relationship distinct from that of NA genes, suggesting potential genetic reassortment. Mutations of A epitope N138D, B epitope I156K, and D epitope I208F were identified at HA antigenic sites, with VE (100%) values ranging from 74% to 84%. Glycosylation site analysis revealed that a total of 7 conserved sites with strong potential were located in HA and NA genes, including NST24-26, NGT38-40, NCT79-81, NVT181-183, NGS301-303, NIT61-63 and NGT234-236. No resistance mutation sites to oseltamivir were detected in NA sequences. Conclusion The H3N2 virus genomes in Longgang District underwent a branching evolution in 2023, which may lead to reduce vaccine efficacy due to antigenic drift. There is an urgent need for new broad-spectrum vaccines and prevention, control and publicity of influenza transmission should be strengthened in the district; meanwhile, it is essential to initiate the establishment of influenza A virus genome surveillance network to provide basic information of potential value for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of severe influenza.

Vector Aedes mosquitoes can transmit a wide array of pathogens and therefore pose a serious threat to public health. Controlling Aedes mosquito population is an important way of interrupting the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Long-term large-scale use of chemical insecticides not only damages the environment and endangers human health, but also leads to insecticide resistance in wild mosquito populations, thereby increasing the challenges of mosquito control. To slow down the emergence of drug resistance and achieve sustainable, eco-friendly management, modern green control strategies regard the "human-environment-vector" system as an integrated whole, seeking to curb Aedes vectors effectively while simultaneously protecting human health and conserving ecological integrity. This review introduces the strategy of green governance from four perspectives: reducing environmental tolerance, controlling Aedes mosquito population through food-web manipulation and biotechnological measures, employing environmentally friendly insecticidal formulations, and enhancing resident education. It further discusses the latest research and application advancements in Aedes mosquito control, encompassing the incompatible insect technique, sterile insect technique, genetic engineering, microbial insecticides, and insect growth regulators. Green governance strategies for Aedes mosquito vectors are expected to provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation of mosquito-borne disease prevention and control programs.

As a "mixer" of influenza viruses, pigs can be infected by both human-origin and avian-origin influenza viruses, allowing for the easy generation of novel viral strains through gene reassortment. Currently, the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) virus has spread widely among pigs in Europe and Asia, and has caused human infections in many countries. In recent years, human infections with the EA H1N1 virus have been reported in many provinces in China, raising public health concerns. In pigs, EA H1N1 virus undergoes genetic recombination with other swine influenza viruses, resulting in numerous genetic variants. Among them, the G4 EA H1N1 virus has possessed the essential characteristics for human infection, enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammalian models. Serological investigations also reveal that swine-exposed population have higher seroprevalence against G4 EA H1N1 virus than that of general population, suggesting a greater risk of infection. This article provides a comprehensive review of origin and evolution of EA H1N1 virus, the pathogenicity and transmission of different EA H1N1 genotypes on mammalian models, impact of key amino acid site mutations, confirmed human infection cases, and serological investigations of human infection against EA H1N1 virus. It aims to offer reliable basis for control and prevention of EA H1N1 virus and to guide the future research direction.

Mpox virus, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years due to its recurrent global outbreaks, posing a serious threat to human health. Currently, pathogen detection methods are widely used to confirm infections and classify mpox virus strains, thereby facilitating the study of its epidemiological characteristics. However, these approaches fail to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between the host immune system and the virus. With the development of immunological detection technologies, an increasing number of methods for evaluating host immune responses have been developed, playing a critical role in the disease diagnosis, prevention, control, and vaccine development for mpox. This article comprehensively dissects the immunological testing landscape from various perspectives: protein detection (antigens, antibodies, and cytokines), cellular immune characteristics (T-cell epitope recognition and dynamic cytokine monitoring), providing detailed analysis of their detection principles, clinical advantages, and technical limitations. By integrating multi-omics data and clinical validation studies, the review further outlines future development directions, including standardized detection protocol establishment, multi-modal technology integration strategies, and AI-assisted diagnostic models. These insights offer theoretical support and translational pathways for establishing a new research paradigm in mpox virus immunodiagnostic technologies.

Dengue fever imposes a growing global burden of disease, characterized by considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in its transmission dynamics. Epidemiological surveillance and early warning models serve as crucial tools for evaluating the risk of dengue outbreaks and transmission risks, thereby guiding subsequent targeted prevention and control efforts. This review synthesizes published studies on dengue surveillance and early warning models globally, examining their temporal and spatial distribution. It summarizes the predictive factors and modeling approaches employed in these models and evaluates the quality of the research. Meteorological and environmental variables, along with historical dengue surveillance data, are the most frequently utilized predictors. Modeling methodologies have evolved substantially, shifting from traditional time series analyses and infectious disease dynamic models to advanced machine learning techniques, with each method offering distinct advantages in various application scenarios. Future research should adhere to the reporting guidelines recommended by the recommended reporting items for epidemic forecasting and prediction research (EPIFORGE 2020) framework to improve study quality and practical value.

Objective To investigate the adaptive changes and genetic mechanisms underlying Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, aiming to provide valuable insights and considerations for developing effective anti-infection strategies in this patient population. Methods A case of bronchiectasis complicated with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was collected from October 2022 to January 2024 in the central theater general hospital, during which bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected. Six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified (designated as PA-08, PA-09, PA-10, PA-11, PA-12, and PA-13 in chronological order). Subsequently, third-generation whole genome sequencing was performed to analyze genetic evolution and conduct biological phenotype identification. The aim was to elucidate the relationship between their adaptive changes and clinical outcomes. Results The genome sequencing results revealed that the aforementioned six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa originated from a common ancestor, yet their genome sizes exhibited variations of up to 1.6 Mbp. Further analysis demonstrated that PA-09, PA-10, and PA-12 all experienced a loss of a 14.47 kbp fragment encompassing 12 genes responsible for encoding pyocyanin and ferriferin, when compared to PA-08. Additionally, PA-12 also underwent a loss of a segment spanning approximately 1.5 Mbp. The distinction lies in the fact that PA-13 exhibits significant gene acquisition, with only minor fragment deletions and translocations compared to the PA-08 genome. Phenotypic analysis revealed a decrease in virulence of subsequent isolates, when compared to PA-08. E-test drug susceptibility testing demonstrated the antibacterial effect of common anti-gram-negative drugs on the above strains was related to the genome. Concurrently, as the strain's genotype and phenotype underwent changes, although patient symptoms exhibited fluctuations, overall disease progression displayed a trend of gradual exacerbation due to persistent and progressive. Conclusion The present study elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying microevolution and adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of bronchiectasis patients, thereby implying a close association between disease progression in bronchiectasis patients and chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Objective To investigate whether modulation of the host lung tissue PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling attenuates inflammation induced by Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus) infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of P. proliferus. Methods A rat model of pulmonary paragonimiasis induced by P. proliferus infection was established and treated with either the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone or the RXR-α agonist bexarotene for intervention. Then, whole-transcriptome sequencing of rat lung tissues was performed on the DNBSEQ platform. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to quantify the mRNA and protein expression of key target molecules of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) was used to assess the protein-protein interactions between PPAR-γ and RXR-α. The rate of fatty-acid β-oxidation in lung tissue was measured colorimetrically, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Results Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of fatty-acid β-oxidation-related genes, including Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Cpt1, Cpt1c, Cpt2, Fabp4, Fabp5, Fat4, Acox1, Rxr-α, and Rxr-b in the rat model of P. proliferus infection. qRT-PCR, western blotting, and CoIP assays showed that the mRNA and protein expression of PPAR-γ and RXR-α were down-regulated in rat lung tissues of the model group, whereas both bexarotene and rosiglitazone significantly restored their expression and enhanced PPAR-γ/RXR-α interaction (all P<0.05). The fatty acid β-oxidation rates of the rat lung tissues in healthy control, model, bexarotene, and rosiglitazone groups were 60 (55.76, 64.92), 44 (41.33, 47.77), 63.00 (54.00, 67.41), and 59.90 (49.60, 67.00) μmol/(min·mg), respectively. Corresponding serum IL-1 levels were 105.61 (96.52, 113.90 ), 147.54 (143.32, 182.88), 94.98 (92.85, 111.25), and 94.25 (79.61, 115.22) pmol/L; IL-6 levels were 1 398.06 (1 258.22, 2 220.21), 4 538.12 (3 427.64, 5232.93), 1 950.00 (1 429.68, 2 359.00) and 663.91 (604.67, 770.61) pg/mL; and TNF-α levels were 153.86 (136.50, 156.88), 183.1847 (169.58, 194.24), 151.78 (144.69, 162.48) and 165.90 (158.97, 171.78) pmol/L, respectively. Overall differences among the four groups were significant (H=10.45, 13.24, 19.72, and 13.59, all P<0.05); furthermore, the model group differed from the healthy control, and both treatment groups (bexarotene or rosiglitazone group) differed from the model group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Activation of PPAR-γ/RXR-α signaling reduces the level of inflammation induced by P. proliferus infection by elevating the rate of fatty acid β-oxidation in rat lung tissues.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important intracellular immune sensor, and recent studies have shown that it plays a key role in various lung diseases. Lung injury and lung cancer are major health issues that lead to high mortality rates worldwide, and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Currently, research on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these diseases is gradually increasing, but related mechanisms remain unclear, especially regarding its interactions between lung injury and lung cancer. This article aims to explore the mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of lung injury and lung cancer by analyzing its activation mechanisms, its role in lung injury, and its relationship with lung cancer, revealing the potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target and biomarker. The review will incorporate the latest research findings to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of lung diseases.

Objective To investigate the association between polymorphisms in ESR1 (estrogen receptor gene 1) and ESR2 (estrogen receptor gene 2) genes and risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population, thereby providing a scientific basis and strategic guidance for the precise prevention of lung cancer. Methods From January 2021 to June 2023, 445 lung cancer cases were recruited from Hainan General Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, along with 445 healthy controls matched 1∶1 by gender and age. Blood samples were collected from all participants for genomic DNA extraction. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)(rs2234693, rs9340799, rs3798577, and rs3020314 in ESR1 and rs1256049 and rs4986938 in ESR2) were analyzed using MassARRAY SNP genotyping technology. Associations between these SNPs and lung cancer susceptibility in the Hainan population were analyzed. Results Among the 445 cases, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (61.51±10.31) years; 66.29% were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and 51.46% were in stage IV. Among the 445 controls, 296 were male (66.52%) and 149 were female (33.48%), with an average age of (58.11±10.19) years. No statistically significant differences in gender or age were observed between the two groups. Carriers of the ESR1 rs3798577 TC genotype (OR_adj: 6.000×10²¹, 95%CI: 1.100×10²¹-3.277×10²², P<0.001) or CC genotype (OR_adj:1.201×10²², 95%CI: 1.089×10²¹-1.324×10²³, P<0.001), as well as individuals with the dominant model genotype TC+CC (OR_adj: 5.174×10²¹, 95%CI: 4.695×10²⁰-5.701×10²², P<0.001), showed a markedly elevated risk of lung cancer in the Hainan population. However, stratified analyses based on gender, age, smoking status, and menopausal status revealed no significant associations between any of the six SNPs and lung cancer risk. Conclusion In the Hainan population, carriers of the TC and CC genotypes at ESR1 rs3798577 have a substantially higher risk of developing lung cancer, providing a valuable reference for the prevention and control strategies of lung cancer in Hainan.

Objective To investigate epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of Salmonella strains responsible for foodborne outbreaks, and to provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention of food-borne diseases. Methods Surveillance data of foodborne outbreak events and 66 Salmonella isolates, were collected in Changsha from 2019 to 2023. Serotypes were determined using slide agglutination tests. Antibiotic susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was tested by the microdilution broth method. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), antibiotic resistance genes, and cgMLST were analyzed by whole genome sequencing and generating phylogenetic tree to assess genetic relatedness. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 13 Salmonella-related foodborne outbreaks occurred in Changsha, the majority of outbreaks occurred in catering sector (69.23%), including central kitchens, large hotels and medium and small-sized restaurants. Baked foods and egg products were the primary contaminated foods, accounting for 63.64% and 20.32% of the total outbreaks, respectively. The 66 Salmonella isolates were classified into 4 serotypes, with Salmonella enteritidis being the predominant serotype，and ST11 were the predominant sequence type. In the antibiotic susceptibility test, the strains showed high resistance rates to streptomycin (100.00%), nalidixic acid (69.70%), and ampicillin (54.55%). Using the resFinder database, 6 antibiotic resistance genes from 4 categories were predicted, and the resistance phenotypes roughly matched the identified resistance genes. PFGE typing showed 100% similarity between strains isolated from food and patients in the same outbreak. In the cgMLST phylogenetic tree, strains from the same outbreak clustered separately, indicating genomic differences and distinct origins. Conclusion Salmonella enteritidis ST11 is a common pathogen responsible for foodborne outbreaks in Changsha. These strains exhibit multi-drug resistance and carry various resistance genes. Strengthening supervision of central kitchens and the food service industry, particularly for baked goods and egg products, is essential for controlling outbreaks.

Objective This study monitored changes in resistance of Aedes albopictus to common insecticides in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, from 2022 to 2024, providing a basis for effective control of Aedes albopictus. Methods From 2022 to 2024, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus were collected from different habitats in the east, west, south, north, and central regions of Nanning using the dipping method. The samples were sent to a laboratory and raised to adulthood. After morphological identification, Aedes albopictus were mixed and reared to the F1 generation. Late third- to early fourth-instar larvae were tested for resistance using the larval immersion method, and 3-5 days old non-blood-fed female adults were tested using the adult mosquito tube contact method. Results From 2022 to 2024, the resistance ratio of Aedes albopictus larvae to propoxur was 15.92-16.77, indicating moderate resistance; the resistance ratio to fenthion was 6.06-11.36, resistance was low in 2022, showed fluctuations in 2023 (moderate resistance), and declined to low resistance in 2024. For adult mosquitoes, the 24-hour mortality rates to organophosphates such as fenitrothion, malathion, and carbamate propoxur ranged from 85.83% to 100.00%, indicating suspected resistance or susceptibility. However, the 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin ranged between 0 and 16.67%, classifying as resistant populations. The 24-hour mortality rates to pyrethroids like cyfluthrin and cis-cypermethrin varied from 13.33% to 80.00%, showing significant fluctuations. The population was resistant to cis-cypermethrin, and was resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin or suspected to be resistant. Conclusion Aedes albopictus larvae in Nanning exhibited varying degrees of resistance to propoxur and fenthion, while adult mosquitoes showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticide use should be adjusted based on resistance monitoring results, and resistance monitoring should continue to develop effective measures to delay resistance, enabling scientific control of Aedes albopictus.

Objective To understand the molecular transmission characteristics of newly reported HIV-1 infected individuals in Hebei Province from 2022 to 2023, analyze the transmission network, identify high-risk cases with a degree value ≥ 4, as well as the transmission of drug-resistant strains, so as to provide a reference for precise HIV intervention. Methods Plasma samples of newly reported HIV-1 infected individuals in Hebei Province from 2022 to 2023 were collected. The HIV-1 pol region gene was amplified through reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction and drug resistance mutation analysis was used by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. The molecular transmission network was constructed using the TN93 model to analyze the high-risk transmission clusters. Logistic regression was used to analyze potential risk factors of the molecular transmission network (with the number of nodes ≥2). Arcgis analysis was carried out to display cross-city transmission intensity of HIV-1 infected individuals. Results Among the 555 HIV-1 infected individuals, the majority were male, Han ethnicity, and the transmission route was through homosexual. A total of 12 genotypes were identified. Among them, the main HIV-1 strains were CRF01_AE (46.7%) and CRF07_BC (38.7%). The drug resistance rate was 8.3%, and the most common drug resistance mutations were K103N (1.3%), followed by E138G (0.7%). Under the 1.5% gene threshold, a total of 182 sequences entered the molecular transmission network, forming 61 transmission clusters, with a network entry rate of 32.8%(182/555). The cases were mainly male (93.4%) and the transmission route was through homosexual (81.9%), It involved 11 cities and showed cross-regional transmission characteristics, and there were 13 cases with high transmission risk (degree ≥ 4 ). A total of 18 sequences carrying drug-resistant mutation sites were identified in 9 transmission clusters. Among them, the E138G drug-resistant mutation site was found to be spreading in a CRF07_BC transmission cluster (the number of nodes = 5). Multivariate logistic regression showed that clustering rate of student was higher than that of farmers (aOR=3.20, 95%CI:1.46-7.04); CRF01_AE (aOR=2.83, 95%CI:1.26-6.35) and CRF07_BC (aOR=3.60, 95%CI:1.60-8.12) had a higher clustering rate compared with the novel recombinant strains. In terms of regional transmission, the cross-city connections in the central and southern cities of Hebei Province were more frequent compared with northeastern cities. Conclusion We have identified high-risk populations and drug-resistant transmission clusters through the molecular transmission network. Strengthening precise intervention measures such as antiviral treatment and follow-up for high-risk populations is of great significance for controlling transmission of HIV and drug-resistant strains in Hebei Province.

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of confirmed mpox cases reported in Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024, so as to provide scientific basis and reference for optimizing regional mpox control and prevention strategies and dealing with emerging infectious diseases. Methods The data included individual case information and epidemiological investigation report of on the confirmed mpox cases whose current residence is in Hubei Province reported in the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System as of December 31, 2024. The epidemiological characteristics, including demographic distribution, clinical manifestations and the effect of prevention and control measures, were systematically analyzed. Results The total of 63 mpox cases confirmed in Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024 were mainly sporadic, which was concentrated from July to September 2023 and was at a low epidemic level since 2024. The main characteristics of the cases were men who have sex with men (87.3%), young adults (88.4% aged 20 to 49 years), unmarried (68.3%) and unemployed (28.8%), and 25.4% were AIDS patients. 93.7% were found through proactive medical consultation. The initial symptoms were rash (60.3%) and fever (20.6%), and the main clinical symptoms were rash (96.8%), fever (63.5%), itchy rash (27.0%), and enlarged lymph nodes (22.2%). The interval between the onset of disease to the time of medical consultation was 0-29 days, with M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 9(6, 13) days. The incubation period of the cases was 0-25 days, with M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 7(4, 10) days. After mpox was included in the management of Class B infectious diseases in China, the interval between the onset of disease to the time of medical consultation in our province was shortened. Conclusion The control and prevention of mpox in our province needs to be strengthened. We should continuously strengthen the monitoring of mpox, using the comprehensive intervention service system of AIDS prevention and treatment to provide health education for key groups such as MSM and college students, along with strengthen the training of medical staff in general hospitals.

Objective The objective of this study is to identify tuberculosis-specific biomarkers in peripheral blood by integrating bioinformatics analysis with machine learning algorithms, thereby improving the differential diagnostic efficiency between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. Methods Based on the dataset GSE42834 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer were screened. Tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified using Venn diagrams. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and random forest (RF) algorithm was conducted a two-step screening of candidate genes to select core diagnostic biomarkers. The expression and diagnostic performance of these biomarkers were further validated in independent datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) using clinical cohorts (84 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 31 lung cancer cases, and 54 healthy controls). Results A total of 277 tuberculosis-specific DEGs were identified. Through joint screening with LASSO algorithm and random forest algorithm, four shared signature genes (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) were selected as diagnostic biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis. When diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis by a single gene, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) values were exceeding 0.98. Analysis of validation datasets (GSE157657 and GSE198048) revealed significant upregulation of these genes in peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients (P<0.000 1), while their expression showed no significant differences in lung cancer patients. By collecting clinical samples for assessment of diagnostic efficiency, it was found that the expressions of Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1 were significantly higher in tuberculosis group than in healthy controls and lung cancer group (P<0.000 1). ROC analysis demonstrated that AUC values of single genes (Gbp6, Batf2, and Tap1) achieved >0.8 for discriminating tuberculosis (including both culture-negative and culture-positive cases) from lung cancer and healthy controls. When the four genes are used in combination, the model achieved an AUC of 0.99 for the overall diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (AUC for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis was>0.98). Conclusion The tuberculosis-specific gene biomarkers (Gbp6, Batf2, Gbp5, and Tap1) identified in this study demonstrate high diagnostic efficacy and hold significant clinical value for differential diagnosis, offering a novel strategy for non-invasive discrimination of pulmonary tuberculosis. Future multicenter prospective studies should be conducted to validate their generalizability and explore their diagnostic specificity across other infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the clinical types, pathogenic bacteria and risk factors of tinea capitis in adults in Wuhan and its surrounding areas, and to provide evidence for prevention and treatment of the disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 138 cases of adult tinea capitis diagnosed by clinical and mycological examinations in the dermatology outpatient department of Wuhan No. 1 Hospital from 2011 to 2024. Additionally, 100 cases of adult non-tinea capitis patients during the same period were collected as a control group. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors of adult tinea capitis. Results Among the 138 adult tinea capitis, 14 were males（10.14%） and 124 were females（89.86%）, with a male to female ratio of 1∶8.86. The median age was 52 years old, and the most common age group for onset was 45-<75 years old. The clinical types included black-dot ringworm 102 cases (73.91%), tinea alba 20 cases (14.49%), kerion 16 cases (11.60%) and no tinea favosa. The pathogenic bacteria were Trichophytes violaceum (92/138, 66.67%), Microsporum canis (22/138, 15.94%), Trichophyton tonsurans (11/138, 7.97%), Trichophyton rubrum (9/138, 6.52%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4/138, 2.90%). No other pathogenic bacteria were observed. Chi-square test results showed statistically significant differences between tinea capitis and non-tinea capitis patients in terms of gender, concomitant ringworm, pet contact history, menopause history, chemoradiotherapy history, family gathering history, scalp traits and residence (P<0.05). Further multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female patients, contact with pets, menopause, dry or neutral scalp, and rural residence were risk factors for adult tinea capitis infection (OR>1, P<0.05). Conclusion The main clinical type of adult tinea capitis in Wuhan and its surrounding areas is tinea melanocuta caused by Trichophyton purpura. Focusing on female patients, contact with pets, menopause, dry or neutral scalp, rural areas and other risk factors is helpful for early diagnosis and standardized treatment of this disease.

Objective To explore the predictive efficacy of the carbon dioxide trap lamp method in monitoring the control level of mosquito density in urban residential environments. Methods Data on Aedes albopictus density were collected in residential areas of Dongcheng District, Beijing, using the human landing catch method and the carbon dioxide mosquito trap lamp method from July to September in 2017-2019. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the predictive efficacy of the carbon dioxide trap lamp method under varying mosquito density control levels and to determine the cut-off values corresponding to these levels. Results Among the 26 monitoring events conducted using the human landing catch method, the mosquito density failed to meet the required standard in 16 events. The highest absolute mosquito density recorded using the carbon dioxide mosquito trap lamp method reached 30.00 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1. In the residential areas of Dongcheng District, the peak activity of Aedes albopictus mainly appeared in August. Due to abnormal climate changes, the mosquito peak in 2017 was delayed to mid-September. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for the carbon dioxide trap lamp method at control levels of A (landing index≤0.5), B (landing index≤1.0), and C (landing index≤1.5) were 0.919 (sensitivity 76.2%, specificity 100.0%, cut-off value 2.50 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), 0.865 (sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 87.5%, cut-off value 3.00 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), and 0.859 (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 90.0%, cut-off value 3.13 mosquitoes·(lamp·h)^-1，P<0.01), respectively, with predictive performance at the A level being better than at the B and C levels. Conclusion The carbon dioxide trap lamp method demonstrated good predictive ability for different control levels of mosquitoes in urban residential areas, and its quantitative evaluation criteria can provide technical guidance and decision-making support for practical mosquito prevention and control work as well as the monitoring and early warning of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Mosquito-borne diseases, including Japanese encephalitis, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and other harmful infectious diseases, are natural focal diseases transmitted by vector female mosquitoes. These diseases pose significant global public health challenges. With climate change and the rise in international exchanges, the incidence of imported mosquito-borne diseases has occasionally surged in recent years in China. Consequently, on-site rapid detection technologies are urgently needed to control the epidemic in its early stages. The emerging point-of-care testing (POCT) technology allows for the rapid acquisition of test results directly at the sampling site using portable analytical instruments and supporting reagents. This approach facilitates the rapid, efficient, and accurate diagnosis of pathogens. Currently, POCT has been applied in multiple fields such as food safety, port quarantine, and forensic inspection, and it demonstrates considerable potential for application in the early warning of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. In recent years, research on POCT technology for mosquito-borne diseases has significantly expanded, and this paper reviews the basic concepts of POCT technology and the research progress in mosquito-borne diseases, aiming to provide a reference for peers in the field to enhance the detection of mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective To understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022, examine their associations with environmental factors, and provide evidence for assessing the risk of secondary transmission of imported malaria and formulating control strategies. Methods An outdoor double tent human bait whole night trapping method was used to systematically collect monitoring data on Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2022. Environmental variables were derived from multi-source remote-sensing datasets, including Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, the daily all-weather surface temperature dataset of China's land and surrounding areas, and ERA5-Land reanalysis data. Based on the obtained data, a descriptive analysis characterized the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of the population of Anopheles sinensis in Anhui Province. Subsequently, a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed to investigate the correlation between environmental factors and the density of Anopheles sinensis. Results Except for 2020, the seasonal variation trend of the density of Anopheles sinensis showed a unimodal pattern in all other years, with the peak density occurring in July. In 2019, the density of Anopheles sinensis was the highest [2.62 mosquitoes/(person·hour)]. Temperature, humidity, rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and waterbody area were all significant nonlinear explanatory indicators for the density of Anopheles sinensis (all P<0.05). NDVI, Rainfall, and temperature displayed significant lag effects on the density of Anopheles sinensis, whereas humidity was associated with density only in the absence of lag (F=15.42, P=0.003), and lost relevance after a one-month lag (F=1.94, P=0.082). The greatest impacts were observed at an NDVI of 0.35 and a monthly rainfall of 110 mm, beyond which their effects diminished. Conclusions Anopheles sinensis density in Anhui Province is strongly influenced by environmental factors, among which the density of Anopheles sinensis is much influenced by waterbody area, humidity, temperature, NDVI, and rainfall. In the future, integrating environmental data could enhance malaria re-transmission risk surveillance and guide the development of targeted control measures in Anhui Province.

Objective To compare the characteristics of dengue fever cluster epidemics in Hainan Province in 2023 and 2024, we provide evidence for comprehensive understanding of dengue fever epidemic patterns in Hainan Province and exploring more effective control and prevention measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution, serological testing, case diagnosis, and clinical manifestations of dengue fever cluster epidemics in Hainan Province from 2023 to 2024. Excel 2021 and R 4.3.0 software were used for data processing and analysis, and ArcGIS 10.8 software was employed for visualization of geographical distribution. Results In 2023, 8 dengue fever cluster epidemics were reported, occurring from August to November, affecting 5 cities and counties, with 318 associated cases accounting for 87.60%(318/363) of the total reported cases that year. The main epidemic sites were communities and townships/rural areas, with dengue virus type 2 being the predominant strain (255, 80.70%). The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) interval from onset to diagnosis was 1(0.75, 2) days. In 2024, 9 dengue fever cluster epidemics were reported, occurring in July and October-November, affecting 4 cities and counties, with 62 associated cases accounting for 38.27% of the total reported cases that year. Communities/villages in cities were the primary epidemic settings, with dengue virus type 1 being the predominant strain (42, 67.74%). The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) interval from onset to diagnosis was 1(1, 3) days. No severe cases or deaths occurred among dengue fever cluster cases in both years. Statistically significant differences were observed in case source locations, occupation, virus serotype, and case detection methods (P<0.05), while no significant differences were found in gender, age, and interval from onset to diagnosis (P>0.05). Conclusion The scale of clustered epidemics in 2024 was significantly reduced compared to 2023, with cases detected timely. Future efforts should focus on continuously optimizing dengue fever control and prevention strategies, enhancing epidemic response capacity, and establishing more precise surveillance and early warning systems, with strengthened monitoring in coastal areas, tourist hotspots, and regions with frequent population movement during summer and autumn, expanding the scope of at-risk population screening, and improving surveillance sensitivity.

Objective To monitor the density and seasonal fluctuation of dengue vector Aedes in Fujian Province from 2020 to 2024, and we provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods From March to November each year from 2020 to 2024, the double-layered tent method was used to monitor the density of adult Aedes, and Breteau index method was applied to monitor larval density. Statistical analysis of monitoring data were performed using Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test, chi-square test, multivariate analysis of variance, and Spearman rank correlation analysis with SPSS 19.0 software. Results All Aedes mosquitoes captured were Aedes albopictus in Fujian Province from 2020 to 2024, none of Aedes aegypti were found. The average tent trapping index was 4.35 mosquitoes/(tent·hour); the average Breteau index (BI) was 6.96; the average container index (CI) was 14.12. Both the average tent trapping index and BI peaked in June. There were no significant differences between adult and larval densities across different years (P>0.05), with roughly the same trends annually. The highest average adult Aedes albopictus density [5.77 mosquitoes/(tent·hour)] was found in parks or bamboo forests, while the larval density was highest in residential areas and lowest in hospitals. Larva-positive water bodies were predominantly idle containers (bowls, bottles, jars and cans), accounting for 46.10%. There were at least 8 months each year when the densities of adult Aedes exceeded the dengue prevention threshold; and there were at least 6 months when the BI value exceeded the threshold. A strong positive correlation existed between tent trapping index and BI, with the regression equation: Y (tent trapping index)=0.748X(BI)-0.980. Conclusion The dengue vector Aedes are Aedes albopictus exclusively in Fujian Province, the activity of Aedes albopictus has been monitored from March to November; June to September represents the peak activity period, when it is necessary to pay more attention to the surveillance vector Aedes, controlling its density by eliminating larval-breeding sites, therefore to strengthen the ability of prevention and control of dengue fever.

Objective To investigate density, distribution, population composition, and seasonal fluctuations of mosquito in different habitats in Nanchang city of Jiangxi province, and to provide a scientific basis for effective control and prevention of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods Mosquito-borne disease vector monitoring was carried out in habitats such as residential areas, parks, hospitals, farmers' households and livestock sheds in Nanchang city, 2018-2023 by using mosquito traps. Monitoring was conducted twice a month from March to November, once in the first ten days and once in the last ten days of each month. The monitoring results were then summarized and analyzed. The rank sum test for completely randomized design (Krusal-Wallis H) was adopted to compare the differences in mosquito density among different years, different months and different habitats. The chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the composition ratio of mosquitoes among different years. Results A total of 269 587 adult mosquitoes were captured, and the overall average density was 46.34 mosquitoes per lamp per night. The fluctuation of mosquito density showed a unimodal trend as a whole, with the peak in June. The average mosquito density showed a downward trend among different years, but the difference was not statistically significant (H=1.890, df=5, P=0.864). There were statistically significant differences in mosquito density among different months (H=47.448, df=8, P<0.001), and there were also statistically significant differences in mosquito density among different habitats (H=87.876, df=4, P<0.001). Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the dominant mosquito species in residential areas, parks and hospitals, while Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species in farmers' households and livestock sheds. The period from June to September each year was the peak period for adult mosquito density, and there was a significant decline in October. The mosquito density in livestock sheds 470.15 mosquitoes per lamp per night was significantly higher than that in other habitats. Over the past six years, the proportions of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus increased year by year, the proportion of Anopheles sinensis first increased and then decreased (with the highest proportion in 2021), the proportion of Culex tritaeniorhynchus decreased year by year, and the proportion of Armigeres subalbatus fluctuated at a low level. Conclusions The overall density of mosquito vector in Nanchang City shows a decreasing trend year by year, with Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are the dominant mosquito species in the local area. The peak period of mosquito density is from June to September, and livestock sheds and farmers are high-risk areas for mosquito infestation. In order to prevent outbreak or spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, it is necessary to continue to strengthen ecological monitoring of key mosquito vector areas and take effective control measures in time based on monitoring results.

Objective To evaluate the application value of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) in the differential diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections. Methods In this retrospective study, 506 samples, including sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and other types, were collected from 466 hospitalized patients with suspected mycobacterial infection admitted to Guangzhou Chest Hospital between August 2023 and January 2025. MTBC and NTM were differentially diagnosed using tNGS and traditional diagnostic methods (smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture with species identification, and molecular biology testing), and the detection efficacy of tNGS was evaluated. Results The detection rate of MTBC using the tNGS method was 30.27%, higher than the 26.99% achieved by culture identification/molecular biology, although the difference was not statistically significant （χ²=1.28，P>0.05）. The detection rate for NTM using tNGS was 28.83%. The detection rates of MTBC through tNGS in sputum, BALF, and other samples, were 37.50%, 28.07%, and 36.84%, respectively, all consistently higher than those obtained by culture identification/molecular biology methods (35.42%, 25.13%, and 21.05%, respectively), but the differences did not achieve statistical significance （χ²=0.09，0.83，1.15，P>0.05）. Additionally, among the 148 patients identified as MTBC-positive using tNGS, 47.97% were confirmed as MTBC by mycobacterial culture identification, 4.06% as NTM, and 47.97% were culture-negative. The tNGS sequence reads in culture-positive MTBC samples were significantly higher than those in the culture-negative group（Z=-3.05，P<0.05）. The tNGS sequence reads in the smear-positive and molecular biology-positive groups were also significantly higher than those in the corresponding negative groups（Z=-4.99，-3.19，P<0.05）. Using culture identification/molecular biology as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa value of tNGS for detecting MTBC were 84.85%, 89.92%, and 0.72, respectively. Conclusion The tNGS technology demonstrates high sensitivity and rapidity for MTBC detection, providing effective support for early differential diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Objective To analyze the whole genome sequence of a GⅠ type norovirus in Qinghai region, understand its genetic structure and evolutionary characteristics, and we accumulated molecular epidemiological basic data on GⅠ type norovirus infection in our province. Methods Using Qinghai Women and Children's Hospital as a monitoring SITE, we conducted virus diarrhea monitoring for hospitalized children under 5 years old with diarrhea according to the requirements of the "National Viral Diarrhea Monitoring Plan" (2021 edition) in 2023. We used fluorescence quantitative PCR to detect case samples and screened a GⅠ type Norovirus (QH2023/23-24) with Ct value ≤ 30 for whole genome sequencing. The sequencing results were analyzed using phylogenetic tree analysis, homology analysis, and amino acid variation site analysis. Results The positivity rate of GⅠ type norovirus in 2023 was 3.33% (6/180), and phylogenetic analysis showed that QH2023/23-24 strains of GⅠ type norovirus were GⅠ.3[P13] type. The VP1 and RdRp regions of this virus strain are closely related to the PP584624.1 isolated in Thailand in 2023. Compared with the PP584624.1 isolated in Thailand in 2023, the amino acid sequence of the capsid VP1 region has one site change, M2V; and compared with the PQ632217.1 isolated in Zhejiang China in 2019, it has three site changes, M2V, T27A, and I237L. Conclusion For the first time, whole genome sequencing has been used to identify the genotype of GⅠ type Norovirus in our province. Sequence analysis shows that the virus strain (QH2023/23-24) is GⅠ.3[P13], which is the dominant strain prevalent in China. This study provides a sequence reference for study of the molecular evolution characteristics of norovirus in China. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of norovirus in the local area and provide theoretical basis for epidemic control and prevention.

Objective We aimed to analyze epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of mpox cases in the Tianjin between 2023 and 2024, and to provide scientific basis for control and prevention of mpox. Methods The mpox cases were selected with current residence in Tianjin, reported by the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System between 2023 and 2024. Descriptive data was used to analyze demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases. The t-test was used to compare incubation in different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection states, paired t-tests was conducted to analyze the CT values of different samples, as well as the χ² test for delayed diagnosis and first diagnosis reporting rates between 2023 and 2024. Results From June 2023 to December 2024, a total of 60 mpox cases were reported in Tianjin, with 58 cases included in this study (excluding 2 cases who refused epidemiological investigation). All cases were young to middle-aged males, and 89.66% belonged to men who have sex with men (MSM) population, 93.10% had a history of homosexual contact within 21 days before onset. The average incubation period for mpox cases was 8 days, and all cases presented with skin rashes in different locations, with genital rashes being the most common (62.07%). The initial symptoms in 58 mpox cases were primarily rash affecting various body areas (44 cases, 75.86%), followed by fever (12 cases, 20.69%). The viral load of herpes fluid specimens was significantly higher than that of throat swab specimens (P<0.05). Additionally, the first diagnosis reporting rate in infectious disease hospitals was significantly higher than that in non-infectious disease hospitals (P<0.05). Conclusion The mpox epidemic is mainly transmitted in MSM population in Tianjin, and the viral load in the herpes fluid of mpox patients is significantly higher than that in throat swab samples, and hospitals for infectious diseases have a higher rate of first diagnosis reporting. It is suggested that health publicity, education and monitoring of mpox control and prevention should be focused on MSM population, and the training of clinical doctors in non-communicable disease hospitals on diagnosis reports should be strengthened.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health challenge and remains the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious agent, posing a serious threat to the lives and health of people worldwide. The absence of an effective preventive vaccine and the rising prevalence of drug-resistant TB make early diagnosis and drug-resistance detection critical for the prevention and treatment of TB. Traditional testing methods are limited by insufficient sensitivity, long turnaround times, or narrow coverage of drug-resistance detection and therefore fail to meet clinical requirements adequately. In recent years, the field of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has developed rapidly. This technology enables not only the rapid and highly sensitive identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but also the precise detection of multiple drug-resistant mutation sites, providing a novel set of tools to combat tuberculosis effectively. This review summarizes and evaluates the applications, advantages, and limitations of three high-throughput sequencing methods in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, including metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS), targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), and whole genome sequencing (WGS), to provide a reference for the clinical implementation in tuberculosis diagnosis and drug resistance detection.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2019 to 2023, providing a reference for the prevention and control of human brucellosis. Methods A descriptive epidemiological method was employed to analyze the distribution patterns of human brucellosis and serum test results among high-risk populations in Inner Mongolia from 2019 to 2023. Meanwhile, brucellosis pathogens from the region were isolated, cultured, and identified by species and biotype during the same period. Results From 2019 to 2023, both the incidence rate and seropositivity rate of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region showed an overall increasing trend. The annual incidence rates were 58.58/100 000, 68.28/100 000, 91.29/100 000, 79.49/100 000, and 70.58/100 000, respectively. A total of 732 230 serum samples from high-risk populations were tested, with 42 508 positive cases, yielding an average seropositivity rate of 5.81%. The annual seropositivity rates were as follows: 4.88% (6 034/123 746) in 2019, 4.80% (5 962/124 129) in 2020, 6.98% (10 042/143 791) in 2021, 6.41% (10 622/165 794) in 2022, and 5.63% (9 848/174 771) in 2023. Specifically, the rates exhibited an increasing trend from 2019 to 2021, peaking in 2021, followed by a declining trend from 2022 to 2023. Cases were reported across all 12 leagues/cities, with a cumulative total of 88 464 cases and an average annual incidence rate of 73.63/100 000. The seasonal indices for March to August were 121.05% (8 924/7 372), 135.70% (10 004/7 372), 139.93% (10 316/7 372), 148.54% (10 950/7 372), 145.59% (10 733/7 372), and 112.07% (8 262/7 372), all exceeding 100%, indicating an epidemic season during these months. Farmers constituted the majority of cases (78.60%, 69 532/88 464), the highest incidence was observed in the 40-60 age group (55.63%, 49 210/88 464), and the male-to-female ratio was 2.20:1 (60 856/27 608). Geographically, the epidemic showed a trend of spreading from east to west, with a stable incidence in the eastern region but a significant increase in the western region in recent years. During 2022-2023, 43 bacterial strains were isolated (17 in 2022 and 26 in 2023), all identified as Brucella melitensis, including 9 strains of biovar 1, 8 of biovar 2, 18 of biovar 3, and 8 atypical strains. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis revealed a predominance of sequence type 8 (ST8). Conclusion The brucellosis epidemic in Inner Mongolia remains severe, characterized by extensive geographic spread, high transmission intensity, and distinct seasonal patterns. It is recommended to enhance surveillance and prevention measures targeting high-risk populations, implement comprehensive control strategies to curb the epidemic further, and closely monitor the evolving trends of human brucellosis.

Since 2022, the mpox epidemic has rapidly spread worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. Vaccination against mpox is a crucial measure to prevent its infection and outbreaks. However, there remains an uneven distribution of vaccine resources globally, particularly in low-income countries or regions in Africa, which has aroused widespread public concern over the fairness of vaccine allocation. This article reviewed the global epidemic situation of mpox, the types of mpox vaccines, the status of supply, the mechanisms and strategies for vaccine allocation and the difficulties and challenges faced. The aim was to understand the disparities and inequities in the global distribution and access to mpox vaccines, to provide a reference for optimizing the global resource allocation strategy of mpox vaccines, and protect the health of people in different regions of the world.

Objective To investigate the species composition, spatial distribution, and phylogenetic relationships of ticks in Shanghai's urban parks, thereby providing scientific evidence and decision-making support for the prevention and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods From March to October 2023, surveys were conducted at 25 parks across 10 districts in Shanghai, including Songjiang, Jinshan, and Qingpu. Free-living ticks were collected using the drag-flag method, with the flag-dragging distance recorded. Parasitic ticks were collected from host animals using the animal body surface method. Morphological identification and molecular biological identification based on the 16S rRNA gene were employed to identify the tick species. Simultaneously, Species composition, host infestation rate, and average density of free-living ticks were calculated based on the identification results, and a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results A total of 815 ticks, all belonging to the genus Haemaphysalis, were obtained. This included 404 (49.57%) of Haemaphysalis flava, 385 (47.23%) of Haemaphysalis longicornis, and 26 (3.19%) of Haemaphysalis doenitzi. Among these, 754 were free-living ticks, with an average tick density of 3.72 ticks/(flag-100 metres). The remaining 61 were parasitic ticks, with an infestation rate of 100.0%. The free-living ticks collected included the three aforementioned species, with Haemaphysalis flava and Haemaphysalis longicornis identified as the dominant tick species in urban parks. Parasitic ticks, including H. flava and H. doenitzi, were found on two hedgehogs in a park located in Minhang District. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each species formed a distinct clade, although minor sub-clades were present within major branches, indicating intraspecific genetic variation. Conclusions Three tick species belonging to one genus were found in the urban parks across Shanghai, with Haemaphysalis flava and Haemaphysalis longicornis being the dominant species. Haemaphysalis doenitzi represents a newly recorded species in the region. Some gene heterogeneity was observed within tick species. These findings highlight the necessity of enhancing tick and tick-borne disease surveillance, research, and prevention in parks to provide better protection for public health.

Objective To measure the effective protection time of several commonly used plant-derived crude extracts for mosquito repellency against Aedes albopictus, and evaluate their repellent effects on Aedes albopictus, so as to provide a basis for the research and development of plant-derived mosquito repellents. Methods Peppermint (Mentha haplocalyx Briq.), duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.), grassleaf sweetflag rhizome (Acorus tatarinowii Schott), and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were crushed and extracted with absolute ethanol. The repellent effects against Aedes albopictus were assessed using the method outlined in "Laboratory Efficacy Test and Evaluation of Hygienic Insecticides for Pesticide Registration Part 9: Repellents" (GB/ T13917.9-2009). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze differences in mosquito repellency duration among different solutions, while repeated-measures two-factor multi-level ANOVA was used to test whether differences existed in repellency duration against Aedes albopictus across various concentrations of the solutions. Results Under laboratory conditions, the average number of landing test mosquitoes across the six groups was (33.92±5.49), and the attack power test was qualified. The average repellency durations for rosemary, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and peppermint at all four dilution concentrations were longer than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in mosquito repellency durations between different dilution concentrations of peppermint, duckweed, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and the compound formulation (F=8.63, 3.32, 12.53, 10.29, all P<0.05). The average repellency duration of peppermint, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and rosemary at concentrations of 15% and 20% all exceeded 4 h; the average repellency duration for grassleaf sweetflag rhizome at 10% concentration was 4 h; whereas the average repellency duration for all four types of plant-derived crude extracts at 5% concentration was less than 4 h. With the decrease of concentration, the mosquito repellency durations for peppermint, duckweed, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and the compound formulation showed a general shortening trend. Conclusion Peppermint, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, and rosemary exhibit certain repellent effects against Aedes albopictus. Higher concentrations of plant-derived mosquito repellent solution demonstrate superior repellency and warrant further development and application.

Objective To understand the changes in antigen genotypes of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis (Bp) in Shandong province from 2014 to 2022, aiming to provide a reference for the optimization of pertussis vaccines. Methods Bp strains were clinically isolated from patients at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between 2014 and 2022. The major antigen genes ptxA, ptxC, ptxP, prn, fim2, fim3, and tcfA of Bp isolates were amplified by PCR to determine their antigen genotypes. Genotype distributions were compared across time periods, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated infection groups were assessed, and findings were compared with the antigen genotypes of vaccine strains currently used in China. Results Six antigen genotype profiles were identified among Bp isolates in Shandong Province during 2014-2022, of which the most prevalent antigen genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 (73.27%), followed by ptxA1/ptxC4/ptxP3/prn150/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 (22.78%). The prevalence of genotypes ptxC1, ptxP1, and prn1 was highest in 2014-2016, followed by 2020-2022, and lowest in 2017-2019; however, these temporal differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In contrast, ptxC4, ptxP3, and prn150 were not detected before 2020 and only appeared in the 2020-2022 period, a statistically significant emergence (P<0.001). Among the isolates from 2020-2022, no significant difference in prevalence was observed between ptxC1 and ptxC4, ptxP1 and ptxP3, or prn1 and prn150 (P>0.05). The differences in antigen genotypes between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Finally, compared with the vaccine strain, the major change of Bp epidemic strains in Shandong Province was the substitution of ptxA1 for ptxA2. Conclusions From 2014 to 2022, the predominant antigen genotype among circulating Bp strains in Shandong Province was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2. After 2020, the major changes were as follows: ptxC1 shifted to ptxC4, ptxP1 shifted to ptxP3, and prn1 shifted to prn150. The genotypes of epidemic Bp strains differ from the vaccine strain, primarily marked by the replacement of ptxA2 with ptxA1. Continued surveillance of Bp antigen genotypes in Shandong Province is warranted to inform the development of new pertussis vaccines.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors for tuberculosis associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) in AIDS patients, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of this disease. Methods This retrospective study included AIDS patients with tuberculosis who were admitted to a designated AIDS hospital in Guangzhou between June 2020 and February 2024. Patients were divided into TB-IRIS and Non-IRIS groups based on whether they developed IRIS after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Baseline clinical data at admission, IRIS onset data, and ART regimens were collected to analyze the clinical features and baseline risk factors of TB-IRIS. Results A total of 222 AIDS patients with tuberculosis were included, with 58(26.1%) developing TB-IRIS. The median time of IRIS onset was 17(11, 29) days. Key symptoms included recurrent fever (89.7%), worsening respiratory symptoms (43.1%), and superficial lymphadenopathy (19.0%). Compared to the Non-IRIS group, the TB-IRIS group had higher baseline levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ (1.4 pg/mL vs. 0.8 pg/mL, P=0.024; 8.1 pg/mL vs. 2.9 pg/mL, P=0.008). The ART regimens showed no significant differences between the groups (P>0.05); however, the interval between anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) initiation and ART initiation was shorter in the TB-IRIS group than that in the Non-IRIS group (10 vs. 14 days, P=0.014), with 60.4% developing IRIS within 2 to 3 weeks of ART initiation. At IRIS onset, the TB-IRIS group showed a significantly higher CD4⁺T lymphocyte count than the Non-IRIS group (143 cells/μL vs. 94 cells/μL, P=0.021), as well as a more significant increase in both CD4⁺T cell count and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio from baseline compared to the Non-IRIS group (91 cells/μL vs. 37 cells/μL, P<0.001; 0.14 vs. 0.07, P=0.006). Multivariate analysis indicated that baseline CD4⁺T lymphocyte count below 50 cells/μL and an ATT-to-ART interval of less than 10 days were associated with a higher likelihood of developing IRIS (OR=4.02, P=0.029; OR=2.06, P=0.044). Conclusion AIDS patients with tuberculosis who experience recurrent tuberculosis symptoms or rapid immune reconstitution within 2 to 3 weeks of ART initiation should be monitored for possible IRIS. For HIV-positive patients should avoid progressing to advanced stage before ART is initiated, and patients with combined TB should be treated with anti-tuberculosis therapy for 10 days before ART is initiated, and these measures can help to reduce the incidence of IRIS.

Objective To analyze the species composition, density distribution, seasonal fluctuation, and insecticide resistance of flies, particularly Musca domestica, in Shandong Province, China, thereby providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of flies. Methods The cage trapping method was used for fly ecological surveillance, and the topical application method was employed to determine the insecticide resistance of M. domestica. Excel 2010 and SPSS 20.0 software were used to analyze the surveillance data statistically. The chi-square test was used to compare the composition of fly species. Fly densities were compared by the one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The Probit regression model was used to calculate the median lethal dose (LD₅₀), 95% confidence interval (CI), and virulence regression equation. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 10 371 fly traps were deployed in Shandong Province, capturing 68 668 flies, with an overall average density of 6.62 flies/cage. The dominant species were M. domestica, Sarcophagidae, M. sorbens, and Lucilia sericata, accounting for 57.31%, 10.35%, 8.26%, and 7.57% of the total catch, respectively. Among the four types of habitats, the density of flies in farmers' markets was highest, reaching 9.59 flies/cage, followed by green belts, catering surroundings, and residential areas, showing significant differences in fly density among different habitats (H=11.777, P<0.01). Fly density showed a unimodal pattern, with peak periods occurring from June to August. All habitats also displayed a unimodal pattern, with peaks occurring from June to July. M. domestica showed resistance to beta-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, propoxur, temephos, but remained sensitive to tetramethrin, dichlorvos, malathion, and imidacloprid. Conclusions Shandong Province exhibits a diverse fly population, with dominant species, such as Musca domestica and Sarcophagidae, requiring targeted control efforts. Fly density peaks from June to August, and farmers' markets are key places for targeted fly control. Therefore, it is recommended that integrated control measures be implemented in key locations prior to peak fly activity periods to reduce fly density. M. domestica has developed varying levels of resistance to certain insecticides. Future control efforts should involve the scientific and rational use of insecticides to delay the emergence of resistance.

Objective To analyze clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the first human case of H5N6 avian influenza in Hefei City, and to provide a scientific basis for control and prevention of similar animal-origin influenza outbreaks in humans. Methods Field epidemiological investigation methods were used to collect and analyze basic information of the case, course of illness and medical consultation, history of poultry exposure, tracking and screening of close contacts, and testing results of relevant specimens. Results The case was an elderly female who presented with flu-like symptoms in the early stages of illness. The condition progressed rapidly, with time intervals from onset to first consultation, hospitalization, conversion to severe condition, use of anti-influenza drugs, laboratory confirmation, and death being 1 day, 2 days, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days, and 22 days, respectively. The patient had a clear history of exposure to live poultry (chickens), and the positive rate of H5N6 virus in the supply market environment was 20.00%. The results of gene sequencing showed that, the HA gene segment belongs to the same lineage as H5N6 strains isolated from chickens and crows in Japan in 2022 and 2023, and the H5N6 strain isolated from cats in South Korea in 2023; while the NA gene segment belongs to the same lineage as H5N6 strains isolated from mandarin ducks in South Korea in 2023 and from wild birds in Zhejiang, China in 2024. Expanded surveillance revealed that the positive rate of H5N6 in environmental samples from markets with live poultry sales was significantly higher than that in markets without live poultry sales (60.00% vs. 1.27%, χ⊃2;=88.364, P<0.001). No secondary cases were found among the 44 close contacts and co-exposed individuals. Conclusion This is the first human case of H5N6 avian influenza in Hefei City, with the source of infection being exposure to live poultry. The sale of live poultry is a risk factor for human infection with H5N6 avian influenza. It is recommended to prohibit the trade of live poultry in urban areas and even the entire city, promote centralized slaughter, cold chain transportation, and fresh poultry sales policies, strengthen public health education, encourage citizens to purchase and consume "qualified poultry", and reduce direct contact with live poultry to lower the risk of infection.

Objective To systematically analyze the treatment outcomes and their influencing factors among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in Nanchang City from 2019 to 2023, thereby providing scientific evidence for developing targeted interventions and optimizing treatment protocols. Methods Using registration date and current management region as screening criteria, case data on pulmonary TB patients registered in Nanchang City from 2019 to 2023 were exported from the Tuberculosis Information Management System, a subsystem of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System under the National Health Security Informatization Project. Statistical analyses were performed using χ² tests and logistic regression. Results A total of 16 090 TB patients were included, among whom 15 577 cases achieved successful treatment, yielding a cure rate of 96.81%. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients aged 35-64 years (OR=3.951, 95%CI: 2.411-6.476) and ≥65 years (OR=13.814, 95%CI: 8.577-22.250), those referred through referral/tracking/recommendation/other (OR=1.261, 95%CI: 1.016-1.567), retreatment cases (OR=2.010, 95%CI: 1.556-2.596), bacteriologically confirmed cases (OR=1.692, 95%CI: 1.395-2.052), and non-primary healthcare management cases (OR=53.579, 95%CI: 33.040-86.885) were all significantly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. In contrast, female gender (OR=0.556, 95%CI: 0.435-0.710) and absence of comorbidities (OR=0.541, 95%CI: 0.349-0.838) were associated with higher cure rates. Conclusion From 2019 to 2023, treatment outcomes of TB patients in Nanchang City were significantly associated with age, gender, patient source, treatment type, bacteriological results, whether they were managed at the primary care level, and presence of comorbidities. Therefore, developing personalized intervention measures and management strategies based on patient characteristics could effectively improve treatment success rates and optimize TB prevention and control efforts.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported dengue fever in Fujian Province, aiming to provide a reference for accurate and scientific prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Surveillance data on imported dengue fever cases reported in Fujian Province from 2005 to 2023 were collected through the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the distribution characteristics of imported dengue fever. Heat maps, Sankey diagrams, and regression curves were generated using R software. Results From 2005 to 2023, a total of 1 186 imported dengue fever cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2005 to 2023, exhibiting an overall upward trend (except for 2020-2022). The trend in the number of affected counties (cities, districts) was consistent with the trend in the number of reported cases. The distribution of cases displayed a significant seasonal pattern, with peaks occurring annually from June to October. Imported cases were reported in 62 counties (cities, districts) across 9 prefecture-level cities and the Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone, with Quanzhou (423 cases, 35.67%), Fuzhou (316 cases, 26.64%), and Xiamen (221 cases, 18.63%) accounting for 80.94% (960/1 186) of the total imported cases. Imported dengue fever cases in Fujian Province originated from 31 countries and regions worldwide, with the Western Pacific Region being the most common source (933/1 186, 78.67%). The main countries of origin were Cambodia (550 cases, 46.37%) and the Philippines (263 cases, 22.18%). Among imported cases, the gender ratio (male: female) was 3.18:1 (902/284); the majority of patients (91.23%, 1 082/1 186) were aged 21-60 years; the top three occupations among cases were homemakers/unemployed, farmers, and commercial services, collectively accounting for 63.83% (757/1 186) of all imported cases. The median from symptom onset to diagnosis was 5.3 days, showing an overall downward trend. A linear relationship was found between the number of imported cases and the number of inbound international travelers, described by the equation y=0.021 7x+0.374 3 (R²=77.78%, F=59.51, P<0.001). Conclusion The epidemic of imported dengue fever in Fujian Province shows a sustained upward trend, with distinct temporal, spatial, and demographic clustering of cases. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance the prevention and control of dengue fever among key inbound populations, tailored to specific temporal and geographical risk factors.

Objective To analyze molecular tracing and evolutionary characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) strains isolated from two human cases and related environmental samples collected from live poultry markets (LPMs) in Changsha City in April 2025, provide scientific basis for avian influenza prevention and control. Methods Gene sequencing was performed on H9N2 AIVs obtained from throat swabs of the two cases and environmental samples. Genetic evolution analysis on HA and NA genes, homology, receptor-binding specificity, protein activity, drug resistance, and N-glycosylation patterns were focused. Results A total of 10 H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) gene sequences were obtained, including 1 whole genome. Homology analysis revealed that the HA gene was most similar to strains isolated from Fujian Province, while the NA gene was most similar to isolates from Fujian and Chongqing. HA gene belonged to the Y280-like h9.4.2.5 lineage, featuring a cleavage site of PSRSSR↓GLF. The receptor-binding site harbored Q226L and Q227M substitutions, and multiple antigenic mutations were observed compared to Y280-like vaccine strains. N-glycosylation site prediction identified 7 potential sites in all strains. All NA gene exhibited a deletion at amino acid positions 55-57 in the stalk region. Key active-site mutations (K135E, I145T) were mutanted, along with one or more substitutions in head epitopes, but no antiviral resistance markers were found. N-glycosylation analysis revealed 4 potential sites in 9 strains and 3 in 1 strain, the latter possibly linked to an N78D substitution upon sequence alignment. Conclusion The H9N2 avian influenza virus exhibited diverse mutations in key sites and functional domains detected in Changsha in April 2025, with multiple transmission chains spreading locally. Multifaceted measures should be strengthened to enhance epidemic control and prevention.